“…It was first used during the Mariner IV flyby of Mars in 1965 (Kliore et al, 1965) and developed further with the Mariner V observations of Venus in 1967(Mariner Stanford Group, 1967. Further observations of Venus with the radio occultation technique have been performed with the spacecraft Mariner 10 (Eshleman et al, 1980;Howard et al, 1974;Kliore et al, 1979;Lipa and Tyler, 1979), Pioneer Venus (Cimino et al, 1980;Jenkins and Steffes, 1991;Kliore and Patel, 1982), Venera 15/16 (Yakovlev et al, 1991;Gubenko et al, 2001Gubenko et al, , 2008, and Magellan Steffes et al, 1994). Observations of radio signals propagating through the Venus atmosphere to Earth are recorded at times prior to the start of the occultation of the spacecraft by Venus and during the emergence as seen from the Earth.…”