Velocity Measurements of Normal and Sickle Red Blood Cells in the Rat Retinal and Choroidal Vasculatures

Wajer, Stephen D.; Taomoto, Makoto; McLeod, D. Scott; McCally, Russell L.; Nishiwaki, Hirokazu; Fabry, Mary E.; Nagel, Ronald L.; Lutty, Gerard A.

doi:10.1006/mvre.2000.2270

Cited by 44 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…In rats, the velocity of blood flow was found to be four times slower in the CC than in the inner retinal capillaries [29]. In current OCTA imaging technology, there is a slowest detectable flow, which is determined by the elapsed time between consecutive cross-sectional scans, approximately <0.3 mm/s.…”

Section: Heidelberg Spectralismentioning

confidence: 99%

Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Offers New Insights into Choriocapillaris Perfusion

Lauermann¹,

Eter²,

Alten³

2018

Ophthalmologica

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The choriocapillaris (CC) represents a fundamentally important vascular layer that is subject to physiologic changes with increasing age and that is also associated with a wide range of chorioretinal diseases. So far, information on blood flow in this specific layer has remained limited. With the advent of optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA), new perspectives and possibilities of CC imaging have begun to evolve. This article shall review the opportunities and challenges of applying OCTA technology to the CC layer and summarize the current clinical efforts in OCTA CC imaging exemplarily in dry age-related macular degeneration and central serous chorioretinopathy.

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Section: Heidelberg Spectralismentioning

confidence: 99%

Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Offers New Insights into Choriocapillaris Perfusion

Lauermann¹,

Eter²,

Alten³

2018

Ophthalmologica

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“…This may not due to size alone since human red cells are 8.4 mm in diameter and rat choriocapillaris lumens have a mean diameter in flat preparations of 10.5 mm. 25 However, choriocapillaris lumens are oval shaped and not round, and their height in cross section averages 5 mm (unpublished data), smaller than the diameter of a red cell. So entrapment of rigid, dense SS red cells is highly 25 Because hypoxia presumably induces vasodilation of choriocapillaris, the increased retention in choroids of hypoxic rats must be due to changes in the SS red cells.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…25 However, choriocapillaris lumens are oval shaped and not round, and their height in cross section averages 5 mm (unpublished data), smaller than the diameter of a red cell. So entrapment of rigid, dense SS red cells is highly 25 Because hypoxia presumably induces vasodilation of choriocapillaris, the increased retention in choroids of hypoxic rats must be due to changes in the SS red cells. Hypoxia alone significantly increased retention of dense SS4 red cells and not AA nor SS2 red cells.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…It may also be due to the red cell velocity that is 77% slower in choriocapillaris than in retinal capillaries. 25 Increased retention of sickle red cells in choriocapillaris could help explain the high incidence of angioid streaks in sickle cell subjects 8,55,56 and the CNV observed in some sickle cell subjects. 7,9,57 Most histopathological studies of angioid streaks suggest that angioid streaks are caused by thickening and hardening of Bruch's membrane, resulting in cracks in Bruch's membrane, fibrous or fibrovascular invasion and RPE detachment.…”

Section: Vla-4 Countereceptorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…21 Retention of human SS red cells in rat choroid has been observed in real time using a scanning laser ophthalmoscope. 25 The purpose of this study was to determine the mechanisms that are involved in sickle cell retention in choroid. In this study, the effect of hypoxia and of the cytokine TNF-a on sickle red cell retention in the choroidal vasculature was evaluated in the rat.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mechanisms for sickle red blood cell retention in choroid

Lutty

Otsuji

Taomoto

et al. 2002

Current Eye Research

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The mechanisms for retention of SS red cells in retina and choroid appear identical: hypoxia-mediated retention of dense red cells and adherence of red cells in reticulocyte-rich fractions after cytokine stimulation. TNF-alpha-stimulated retention of SS red cells in choroid appears to be mediated by VLA-4, presumably on the surface of some reticulocytes. This increased retention was inhibited by a VLA-4 antagonist (TBC772), a VLA-4 neutralizing antibody or by blocking one of VLA-4's ligands, the CS-1 portion of fibronectin.

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Sickle cell disease: The neurological complications

Prengler

Pavlakis

Prohovnik

et al. 2002

Annals of Neurology

155

112

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The genetic cause of sickle cell disease has been known for decades, yet the reasons for its clinical variability are not fully understood. The neurological complications result from one point mutation that causes vasculopathy of both large and small vessels. Anemia and the resultant cerebral hyperemia produce conditions of hemodynamic insufficiency. Sickled cells adhere to the endothelium, contributing to a cascade of activated inflammatory cells and clotting factors, which result in a nidus for thrombus formation. Because the cerebrovascular reserve becomes exhausted, the capacity for compensatory cerebral mechanisms is severely limited. There is evidence of small-vessel sludging, and a relative deficiency of nitric oxide in these vessels further reduces compensatory vasodilatation. Both clinical strokes and silent infarcts occur, affecting motor and cognitive function. New data suggest that, in addition to sickle cell disease, other factors, both environmental (eg, hypoxia and inflammation) and genetic (eg, mutations resulting in thrombogenesis), may contribute to a patient's stroke risk. The stroke risk is polygenic, and sickle cell disease can be considered a model for all cerebrovascular disease. This complex disease underscores the potential intellectual and practical distance between the determination of molecular genetics and effective clinical application and therapeutics.

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Velocity Measurements of Normal and Sickle Red Blood Cells in the Rat Retinal and Choroidal Vasculatures

Cited by 44 publications

References 20 publications

Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Offers New Insights into Choriocapillaris Perfusion

Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Offers New Insights into Choriocapillaris Perfusion

Mechanisms for sickle red blood cell retention in choroid

Sickle cell disease: The neurological complications

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