Vehicle-to-Grid Technology: State-of-the-Art and Future Scenarios

Abstract

An overview of V2G (vehicle-to-grid) technology is presented in this paper. It aims to highlight the main features, opportunities and requirements of V2G. Thus, after briefly resuming the most popular charging strategies for PEVs (plug-in electric vehicles), the V2G concept is introduced, especially highlighting its potentiality as a revenue opportunity for PEV owners; this is mainly due to the V2G ability to provide ancillary services, such as load leveling, regulation and reserve. Such solutions have been thoroughly investigated in the literature from both the economic and technical points of view and are here reported. In addition, V2G requirements such as mobility needs, charging stations availability and appropriate PEV aggregative architectures are properly taken into account. Finally, future developments and scenarios have also been reported.

Optimal Charging and Discharging Strategies for Electric Cars in PV-BESS-Based Marina Energy Systems

“…Within this framework, the solutions for widespread and low-cost storage techniques are essential. Considering the inevitable growth of the EV market share, smart EV charging and V2G technology become the prominent concepts to better utilise the potential of electric transport [9,10].…”

“…The concept of controlled charging schemes of EVs is receiving increased attention, redefining the functionality of electric means of transport. As a prospective part of this idea, V2G technology postulates employing the batteries of EVs for grid-oriented operation, providing active and reactive power support to the grid [9][10][11]. As the main principle, the discharging action is performed during peak hours, while recharging the battery during off-peak periods [12].…”

“…In this manner, the energy arbitrage is profitable for an EV owner, simultaneously benefiting the power system in several ways. The most-prominent advantages for the grid include RES exploitation, voltage and frequency support, power quality improvements, load levelling, and considerable environmental benefits [9,13]. Anticipating forthcoming smart grids, intelligent EV charging and V2G technology could become the fundamental components.…”

“…V2G technology is commonly investigated in the context of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs), which can be divided into battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) [9]. It should be noted that the smart charging concept is not limited to electric cars only: all types of electric means of transport could be utilised for this purpose, with the implementation of adequate technological solutions [14].…”

Optimal Dispatch Strategy for Electric Vehicles in V2G Applications

“…In the context of V2G operations, EVs can charge at low rates and afterward discharge the stored energy to the electric grid during high tariff periods. This bidirectional V2G arrangement enables the EVs to function as both energy consumers and suppliers [4,5].…”