Vehicle emission and atmospheric pollution in China: problems, progress, and prospects

Wang, Jin; Wu, Qiuxia; Liu, Juan; Yang, Hong; Yin, Meiling; Chen, Shili; Guo, Ping; Ren, Jiamin; Luo, Xuwen; Linghu, Wensheng; Huang, Qiong

doi:10.7717/peerj.6932

Cited by 52 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…At the global scale, the transportation sector has been estimated to contribute 5 to 12% of population-weighted PM 2.5 ( 60 – 62 ). At the regional scale, the contribution of the transportation sector to total PM 2.5 has been estimated to be approximately 17% for China ( 63 ), approximately 14% for Europe ( 64 ), and less than 10% over the United States ( 65 , 66 ). Rather, the more dominant sources of PM 2.5 from biofuel and mineral dust ( 60 – 62 ) were unlikely to have been strongly affected by the COVID-19 lockdowns.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of COVID-19 lockdowns on fine particulate matter concentrations

et al. 2021

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Lockdowns during the COVID-19 pandemic provide an unprecedented opportunity to examine the effects of human activity on air quality. The effects on fine particulate matter (PM2.5) are of particular interest, as PM2.5 is the leading environmental risk factor for mortality globally. We map global PM2.5 concentrations for January to April 2020 with a focus on China, Europe, and North America using a combination of satellite data, simulation, and ground-based observations. We examine PM2.5 concentrations during lockdown periods in 2020 compared to the same periods in 2018 to 2019. We find changes in population-weighted mean PM2.5 concentrations during the lockdowns of −11 to −15 μg/m3 across China, +1 to −2 μg/m3 across Europe, and 0 to −2 μg/m3 across North America. We explain these changes through a combination of meteorology and emission reductions, mostly due to transportation. This work demonstrates regional differences in the sensitivity of PM2.5 to emission sources.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of COVID-19 lockdowns on fine particulate matter concentrations

et al. 2021

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“…86 The highest absolute increase was in road transport, and while theAmericas historically had the highest transport emission levels of all regions, and this has continued over recent years, Asia is quickly closing the gap with annual growth rates in emissions five times larger than the Americas. 86 Importantly, urban planning in LMICs has lagged behind the rapidly rising traffic volumes, 87,88 and the typical vehicles in LMICs are more polluting than those in HICs. 77,89 .…”

Section: Air Pollutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding the rise of cardiometabolic diseases in low- and middle-income countries

Miranda

Barrientos‐Gutiérrez

Corvalán

et al. 2019

Nat Med

212

178

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Increases in the prevalence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), but in particular cardiometabolic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, stroke and diabetes, and their major risk factors, have not been uniform across settings; for example, cardiovascular disease mortality has declined over recent decades in high-income countries but increased in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs). The factors contributing to this rise are varied and are contributed to by the environmental, social, political and commercial determinants of health, among other factors. This Review focuses on understanding the rise of cardiometabolic diseases in LMICs, with particular emphasis on obesity and its drivers, together with broader environmental and macro determinants of health, and the LMIC-based responses to counteract cardiometabolic diseases.

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“…According to a 2018 report by the municipal government, the auto industry is the most important industry in Shiyan, with a total output value of more than 21.62 billion dollars (140 billion CNY) and more than 200,000 employees. Meanwhile, according to the data from the Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People’s Republic of China, gaseous pollutants (such as CO, NOx, and SO 2 ) account for far more than particulate matters in the total vehicle emission pollution in China from 2010 to 2016 [ 34 ], which can help us further elucidate the differences in the correlations between various air pollutants and adverse reproductive health outcomes in Shiyan. In the case of outdoor air pollution exposure in Shiyan, the sources of ambient air pollution mainly come from the automobile manufacturing industry and vehicle emissions, meaning that gaseous pollutants occupy a large proportion in the composition of ambient air pollutants.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Association between Preterm Birth and Ambient Air Pollution Exposure in Shiyan, China, 2015–2017

Chen

Ren

Liu

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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Shortening of the gestational duration has been found associated with ambient air pollution exposure. However, the critical exposure windows of ambient air pollution for gestational duration remain inconsistent, and the association between ambient air pollution and early term births (ETB, 37 to 38 weeks) has rarely been studied relative to preterm births (PTB, 28–37 weeks). A time-series study was conducted in Shiyan, a medium-sized city in China. Birth information was collected from the Shiyan Maternity and Child Health Hospital, and 13,111 pregnant women who gave birth between 2015 and 2017 were included. Data of the concentrations of air pollutants, including PM10, PM2.5, NO2, and SO2 and meteorological data, were collected in the corresponding gestational period. The Cox regression analysis was performed to estimate the relationship between ambient air pollution exposure and the risk of preterm birth after controlling the confounders, including maternal age, education, Gravidity, parity, fetal gender, and delivery mode. Very preterm birth (VPTB, 28–32 weeks) as a subtype of PTB was also incorporated in this study. The risk of VPTB and ETB was positively associated with maternal ambient air pollution exposure, and the correlation of gaseous pollutants was stronger than particulate matter. With respect to exposure windows, the critical trimester of air pollutants for different adverse pregnancy outcomes was different. The exposure windows of PM10, PM2.5, and SO2 for ETB were found in the third trimester, with HRs (hazard ratios) of 1.06 (95%CI: 1.04, 1.09), 1.07 (95%CI: 1.04, 1.11), and 1.28 (95%CI: 1.20, 1.35), respectively. However, for NO2, the second and third trimesters exhibited similar results, the HRs reaching 1.10 (95%CI: 1.03, 6.17) and 1.09 (95%CI: 1.03,1.15), respectively. This study extends and strengthen the evidence for a significant correlation between the ambient air pollution exposure during pregnancy and the risk of not only PTB but, also, ETB. Moreover, our findings suggest that the exposure windows during pregnancy vary with different air pollutants and pregnancy outcomes.

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Vehicle emission and atmospheric pollution in China: problems, progress, and prospects

Cited by 52 publications

References 51 publications

Effects of COVID-19 lockdowns on fine particulate matter concentrations

Effects of COVID-19 lockdowns on fine particulate matter concentrations

Understanding the rise of cardiometabolic diseases in low- and middle-income countries

The Association between Preterm Birth and Ambient Air Pollution Exposure in Shiyan, China, 2015–2017

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