Vegetable Oil–Ionic Liquid-Based Emulsion Liquid Membrane for the Removal of Lactic Acid from Aqueous Streams: Emulsion Size, Membrane Breakage, and Stability Study

Abstract

In this study, we present a highly stable vegetable oil ionic liquid (IL)-based emulsion liquid membrane (VOILELM) for the removal of lactic acid from water streams. The system developed as a part of this work comprises a non-ionic surfactant Span 80, sodium hydroxide as an internal stripping agent, sunflower canola oil as a green diluent, and IL—tetramethylammonium acetate [TMAm][Ac]—as a carrier. VOILELM stability was evaluated in terms of breakage, emulsion diameter, and standalone stability. The effect of various parameters, namely, concentration of the surfactant, concentration of the internal stripping agent, concentration of the carrier, phase ratio, homogenizer speed, and homogenization time, on the VOILELM stability was studied. The results revealed that VOILELM was highly stable, with 1.34% minimum breakage, 1.16 μm emulsion diameter, and 131 min standalone stability. The optimal process parameters were 0.1 wt % Span 80, 0.1 M NaOH, 0.3 wt % IL, 0.25 phase ratio, 5000 rpm homogenizer speed, and 5 min homogenization time. At these optimized conditions, 96.08% lactic acid extraction efficiency was achieved. Thus, a highly effective VOILELM was developed, with minimal breakage and emulsion diameter and maximum stability.

Hope-hype of green innovation, corporate governance index, and impact on firm financial performance: a comparative study of Southeast Asian countries

“…Recent literature has adopted the ROA to evaluate the firm's asset utilization in the banking sector (Xia et al 2022) or CSR (Jamil et al 2022). This financial ratio was also selected since it is extensively used in the available literature to analyze the impact of sustainable practices (Khan et al 2022b;Jyoti and Khanna 2021). These financial measurements also help investors predict a company's expected profitability before investment and net income.…”

“…These financial measurements also help investors predict a company's expected profitability before investment and net income. The research on GI emerged throughout the current industrialization in response to the fourth and third industrial revolutions due to the rising environmental problems (Khan et al 2022b). Green innovation aims to blend Envoieconomic Performance in strengthening and creating values for the stakeholders, which most exciting literature has found green innovation minimizing the ecological burden Takalo and Tooranloo 2021).…”

“…In addition, some have further investigated the green product and green processes (Wang et al 2021a, b) and research (Khan & Johl 2019) by including green service, green technology, and green organizational innovation. However, limited studies have investigated all variables of green innovation (Khan et al 2022b(Khan et al , 2021b. Therefore, the study's first novelty is comparing green Fig.…”

“…The measurement of green innovation practices is adopted from our previous study (Khan et al 2022b), in which we developed the instrument to measure green innovation practices. This includes the measurement criteria of each variable of green innovation, such as green product, process, service, and organizational innovation.…”

Eco-Friendly Approach for the Recovery of Lactic Acid by Complex Extraction

“…According to the literature, separation and purification steps account for ∼50% of the cost of LA production − and critically affect the price of the final product. Alternative recovery strategies include solvent extraction, ion exchange, distillation, adsorption, and electrodialysis. − Conventional or bipolar membrane electrodialysis has been shown to be an effective method for purifying LA from fermentation broth; however, there remains a compatibility problem for the simultaneous operation of fermentation and electrodialysis processes. , Furthermore, the cost of membranes and the reduction in permeate flow rate are significant drawbacks that hinder the cost-effectiveness of the process . Recovery of LA by adsorption or ion exchange using reusable resins has been tested and proposed by various researchers; but low yields and selectivity are the main disadvantages of the process that need to be improved .…”