Vectors of Violence: Paramilitarism in Europe after the Great War, 1917–1923

Gerwarth, Robert; Hörne, John

doi:10.1086/660364

Cited by 27 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…5 In other words, paramilitary troops were "private armies," partisan, with strong ideological motivations and functioning outside democratic control. 6 although they could be instrumentalized by the political elite, they ultimately remained outside the military body of the state.…”

Section: Paramilitaries After the End Of World War Imentioning

confidence: 99%

Taming Transylvania: Paramilitaries Building State and Peace after World War I

Mireanu

2023

East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures

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This text is a political analysis of the events surrounding the demise of the Austro–Hungarian administration in Transylvania and its replacement by the Romanian one at the end of World War I. It focuses on the months of November and December 1918. In particular, the text looks at the Romanian paramilitary groups called the National Guards. I argue that in Transylvania in November and December 1918, the National Guards played a pacifying and state-building role, through their repressive and anti-communist function. Unlike the paramilitary phenomenon in the rest of Europe, in Transylvania it was the very counter-revolutionary function of the paramilitary troops that produced constructive and constitutive effects. At the same time, unlike the Romanian historiography, which almost unanimously has seen the role of these troops as only a positive one, I underline the repressive function of the National Guards, which made them act violently against any alternative political projects of that period in the region. The revolutionary state of the province in those days had to be calmed down for Transylvania’s autonomy to be ensured under the control of the local Romanian authorities. The Romanian elite’s state-building project needed security to gain legitimacy. To this end, this elite took control of the various paramilitary forces of the region and monopolized them under the National Guards umbrella. These groups were crucial in the repression against the republican movement and the perceived Bolshevik threat.

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Section: Paramilitaries After the End Of World War Imentioning

confidence: 99%

Taming Transylvania: Paramilitaries Building State and Peace after World War I

Mireanu

2023

East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures

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“…127 John Horne and Robert Gerwath have nuanced and built upon the 'brutalization thesis' and have emphasized the role of the nation in 'organising and endorsing the mass deployment of violence' during this period. 128 Yet the nation was more than purely a political force. The changes brought about by the war meant that society's cultural output also played a role.…”

Section: Celebrating Success: Postcards As Trophies and War Souvenirsmentioning

confidence: 99%

‘A War Imagined’: Postcards and the Maintenance of Long-Distance Relationships during the Great War

Mayhew

2019

War in History

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This article explores the role of postcards in the maintenance of relationships between combatants and civilians during the First World War. By drawing on untapped archival material found during wider research into the morale of English infantrymen, it concentrates on the multiple uses of this medium in correspondence between the Western and Home Fronts. Following the ‘cultural turn’ in military history it has become increasingly apparent that the gulf between those fighting and those left at home was much narrower than previously assumed. This analysis charts the variety of ways in which postcards helped to bridge this divide.

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“…140 Although this article has focused on the pre-war period, the harsh experiences that characterize the daily life of wide sections of Western European societies during the Belle Époque could help us to understand the various forms of radicalization of politics in the aftermath of the Great War. 141 Of course, we have seen that past images and experiences offered models and lent plausibility, but new contexts always play a crucial role as well. Undoubtedly, the Soviet Revolution proved that various socialist and revolutionary theories were suitable to achieve some historical concreteness and success.…”

Section: P O S T -P R I Nmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Shadows of Social Fear: Emotions, Mentalities and Practices of the Propertied Classes in Italy, Spain and France (1900–1914)

Millan¹

2016

Journal of Social History

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Despite the conventional images of the Belle Époque, the first fifteen years of the 20 th century were undermined by awareness that the foundations of civilized life were precarious. The article analyzes the fears and anxieties, and hopes and aspirations, of propertied classes in Italy, France and Spain in the fifteen years preceding the Great War. The aims of the article are twofold.Considerable progress in science and technology, medicine and health, trade and industry, affected the life of millions of Europeans. The entire world was strictly interconnected and no limits seemed to be imposed on human agency. However, this unprecedented development did not prevent, but rather stimulated, insecurity, anxiety, and uncertainties in society as well as on a more personal and intimate level. Theodore Zeldin argued some decades ago that the "age of fear" was the other side of the "age of progress." 1 The spectacle of rapid and huge material changes was undermined by a widespread perception that the foundations of civilized life were precarious.On July 26, 1909 the city of Barcelona faced its worst nightmare. Thousands of protesters erected barricades in the narrow streets of the old town, set fire to churches and convents and destroyed state buildings, railways and telegraph lines, in a "mixture" of "old-fashioned riots" and Movements: Considering Identity Movements in Terms of Field, Capital and Habitus," Social Movement Studies 12, no. 3 (2013).

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Vectors of Violence: Paramilitarism in Europe after the Great War, 1917–1923

Cited by 27 publications

References 14 publications

Taming Transylvania: Paramilitaries Building State and Peace after World War I

Taming Transylvania: Paramilitaries Building State and Peace after World War I

‘A War Imagined’: Postcards and the Maintenance of Long-Distance Relationships during the Great War

The Shadows of Social Fear: Emotions, Mentalities and Practices of the Propertied Classes in Italy, Spain and France (1900–1914)

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