Vectorial coding of movement: vision, proprioception, or both?

Rossetti, Yves; Desmurget, Michel; Prablanc, Claude

doi:10.1152/jn.1995.74.1.457

Cited by 255 publications

(162 citation statements)

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“…Alternatively, the motor system could use a different model of the body from those involved in perception and cognition. Clearly, position sense does not rely on proprioceptive information alone, but supplements this with vision (29,30) and efferent copies of motor commands (31). Motor learning might involve correcting a distorted underlying model with these additional inputs, analogous to adaptive changes following exposure to visually distorting prisms (32) or surgical elongation of limbs (33).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An implicit body representation underlying human position sense

Longo

Haggard

2010

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

310

378

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Knowing the body's location in external space is a fundamental perceptual task. Perceiving the location of body parts through proprioception requires that information about the angles of each joint (i.e., body posture) be combined with information about the size and shape of the body segments between joints. Although information about body posture is specified by on-line afferent signals, no sensory signals are directly informative about body size and shape. Thus, human position sense must refer to a stored body model of the body's metric properties, such as body part size and shape. The need for such a model has long been recognized; however, the properties of this model have never been systematically investigated. We developed a technique to isolate and measure this body model. Participants judged the location in external space of 10 landmarks on the hand. By analyzing the internal configuration of the locations of these points, we produced implicit maps of the mental representation of hand size and shape. We show that this part of the body model is massively distorted, in a reliable and characteristic fashion, featuring shortened fingers and broadened hands. Intriguingly, these distortions appear to retain several characteristics of primary somatosensory representations, such as the Penfield homunculus.body image | proprioception | postural schema | body representation P erceiving the body's location in external space is essential for interacting with our environment and for constructing a coherent sense of self. Proprioceptive signals from afferents in muscles, joints, and skin provide information about joint flexion or extension (1, 2), contributing to a representation of body posture, the postural schema (3). To perceive the absolute position of body parts in external space, however, this postural information must be combined with information about the size and shape of the body segments connecting the joints (4-8) (Fig. 1A). No sensory signal, however, directly informs the brain about the metric properties of body parts. Thus, localization of the body in external space requires that on-line afferent signals specifying joint angles be informed by a stored body model. Although several researchers have identified the need for such a body model (4,6,8), no attempt has been made to measure this model, and its properties are unknown. Here, we systematically investigate the body model mediating position sense of the human hand, showing that it is massively distorted, and appears to retain distortions characteristic of the somatosensory homunculus.The essential contribution of the body model to position sense is specifying the relative locations of body parts. The overall "localization error" for a single landmark (i.e., the distance between actual and judged locations) depends on several factors. In contrast, the distance between the judged locations of two adjacent landmarks (e.g., the tip and knuckle of a single finger) depends only on the represented length of the body segment connecting them. Other sources o...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An implicit body representation underlying human position sense

Longo

Haggard

2010

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

310

378

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Human sensorimotor performance often seems introspectively to be dominated by vision, and proprioception appears to play a minor role. However, quantitative studies have shown that both contribute to movement control and that the relative contribution of each is determined by the relative reliability of the information provided by each modality about different aspects of the task (Rossetti et al, 1995;van Beers et al, 1999van Beers et al, , 2002Ernst and Banks, 2002;Sabes, 2003, 2005;Saunders and Knill 2003, 2004Bagesteiro et al, 2006;Sarlegna and Sainburg, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence for a Proprioception-Based Rapid On-Line Error Correction Mechanism for Hand Orientation during Reaching Movements in Blind Subjects

Gosselin-Kessiby

Kalaska²,

Messier³

2009

J. Neurosci.

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The contribution of visual experience to the perception and sensorimotor control of spatial orientation of the hand was investigated in blind subjects. In "orientation-matching" tasks, subjects aligned a match handle held in their right hand to a target handle held in their left hand and fixed in different orientations, with both arms outstretched. In "letter-posting" task 1, the same subjects reached out and simultaneously oriented their right hand to insert the match handle into a target slot fixed in the same range of orientations. Orientations were signaled proprioceptively by a reference handle held in the left hand. Final hand orientation errors were smaller when blind subjects simultaneously reached out and rotated their hand to insert the match handle into the target slot in letter-posting task 1 than when they held their arm extended and aligned the handles in the orientation-matching task. In letter-posting task 2, blind subjects first aligned their hand to the orientation of the target and then subsequently reached to the target with the instruction to not change hand orientation during reaching. Despite the instruction, subjects showed a reduction in absolute hand orientation error from the beginning to the end of the reach. In all tasks, performance of blind subjects was very similar to that of blindfolded normally sighted subjects. These findings provide the first evidence of an automatic on-line error-correction mechanism for hand orientation guided only by proprioceptive inputs during reaching in blind subjects, and reveal that the on-line mechanism does not depend on prior visual experience.

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“…For example, both visual and proprioceptive sensors often simultaneously encode arm position (Cohen and Andersen, 2000;Rossetti et al, 1995). Both visual and auditory channels may encode location of an object.…”

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confidence: 99%

Dissociable effects of the implicit and explicit memory systems on learning control of reaching

2006

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Adaptive control of reaching depends on internal models that associate states in which the limb experienced a force perturbation with motor commands that can compensate for it. Limb state can be sensed via both vision and proprioception. However, adaptation of reaching in novel dynamics results in generalization in the intrinsic coordinates of the limb, suggesting that the proprioceptive states in which the limb was perturbed dominate representation of limb state. To test this hypothesis, we considered a task where position of the hand during a reach was correlated with patterns of force perturbation. This correlation could be sensed via vision, proprioception, or both. As predicted, when the correlations could be sensed only via proprioception, learning was significantly better as compared to when the correlations could only be sensed through vision. We found that learning with visual correlations resulted in subjects who could verbally describe the patterns of perturbations but this awareness was never observed in subjects who learned the task with only proprioceptive correlations. We manipulated the relative values of the visual and proprioceptive parameters and found that the probability of becoming aware strongly depended on the correlations that subjects could visually observe. In all conditions, aware subjects demonstrated a small but significant advantage in their ability to adapt their motor commands. Proprioceptive correlations produced an internal model that strongly influenced reaching performance yet did not lead to awareness. Visual correlations strongly increased the probability of becoming aware, yet had a much smaller but still significant effect on reaching performance. Therefore, practice resulted in acquisition of both implicit and explicit internal models.

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Vectorial coding of movement: vision, proprioception, or both?

Cited by 255 publications

References 0 publications

An implicit body representation underlying human position sense

An implicit body representation underlying human position sense

Evidence for a Proprioception-Based Rapid On-Line Error Correction Mechanism for Hand Orientation during Reaching Movements in Blind Subjects

Dissociable effects of the implicit and explicit memory systems on learning control of reaching

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