Vectorcardiography and Acid‐base Balance in the Human Fetus

Symonds, E. M.

doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.1972.tb14179.x

Cited by 13 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 4 publications

(7 reference statements)

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“…Specifically, the P-R interval, the ratio of the amplitude of the T wave to that of the QRS complex (T/QRS), and the ratio of the amplitude of the R wave to that of the S wave (R/S) were calculated. The cardiac axis was calculated according to SYMONDS [15]. Short term heart rate variability, or the instantaneous variability is defined here as the average of the absolute value of the instantaneous heart rate difference over the given time period.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interpretation of the fetal ECG during labor: the effect of uterine contractions

Thaler

Timor²,

Goldberg³

1988

Jpme

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interpretation of the fetal ECG during labor: the effect of uterine contractions

Thaler

Timor²,

Goldberg³

1988

Jpme

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“…Current commercially available FSEs record the potential difference (which we interpret as the fetal ECG) between an electrode attached to the fetal scalp and a second electrode displaced by a few millimetres, in contact with the electrically conducting amniotic fluid, cervix or vagina. The fetal ECG from such a configuration in active labour has been reported as most closely resembling lead II of the neonatal ECG (Symonds 1972).…”

Section: Detecting the Fetal Ecgmentioning

confidence: 93%

The use of the fetal electrocardiogram in labour

Deans¹,

Steer²

1994

BJOG

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“…The reference electrode is in contact with the cervix or vagina, either directly or via amniotic¯uid and the ECG recorded is most similar to lead II of the neonatal ECG. 59 This lead will record only T wave changes which occur in the horizontal plane of the heart. Experimental data showed that T wave changes were best detected by a lead III or AVF con®guration which is sensitive to changes in the longitudinal axis of the fetus.…”

Section: Ecg Monitoring Technologymentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of fetal ECG monitoring in labour

Westgate

Gunn

2002

Fet. Mat. Med. Rev.

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Objectives: To determine if the degree of caput impacts the accuracy of assessing fetal position in labour when completed by third and fourth year obstetrics residents. Methods: Assessment of fetal position during labour was performed by third and fourth year residents when patients were 8 cm dilated or more, had ruptured membranes, and the gestation was 35 weeks or greater. The residents performed digital examinations for location and axis of fetal sutures and fontanelles in order to determine the orientation of the fetal brow and occiput. Ultrasound assessment was performed immediately following resident examination. Residents were blinded to ultrasound findings. Assessments were considered correct if within 15 degrees of ultrasound findings. Transabdominal and transperineal scanning with a 3.5mHz abdominal probe were utilised. Caput was measured at the time of transperineal ultrasound and grouped into no/mild (0-0.99 cm), moderate (1.0-1.99 cm), and marked (2cm+) caput. Chi-squared analysis was performed using SPSS. Results: Twelve residents assessed 143 labouring women. Mean maternal age was 26.4 years (SD 6.2), mean gestational age was 39.3 weeks (SD 1.2), and 42% had a history of a vaginal delivery. Maternal ethnicity was 60.1% black, 35.7% Caucasian, and 4.2% ''other.'' The overall accuracy of the resident exams was 47.9%. The amount of caput widely varied from 0 to 3.10 cm, with the largest number having 1.0-1.99 cm of caput. Caput did not change the accuracy of assessment of fetal position (table 1). Conclusions: Degree of caput did not play an important role in the ability to assess fetal position of sutures and fontanelles by palpation. P13.01: Table 1. Amount of caput Correct % (N) Incorrect % (N) Total N (% of total) No/minimal Objectives: To determine if a history of vaginal delivery and station of the fetus at the time of vaginal exam impact the accuracy of determining fetal position in labour when assessed by third and fourth year obstetrics residents. Methods: Residents performed digital examinations for location and axis of fetal sutures and fontanelles when patients were 8 cm dilated or more, had ruptured membranes, and the gestation was 35 weeks or greater. Transabdominal and transperineal scanning using a 3.5mHz probe were performed immediately following digital exams. Exams were considered correct if within 15 degrees of ultrasound findings. For analysis, assessments were grouped based upon a history of vaginal delivery and then by fetal station of-1 or higher (high), 0 to +1.5 (mid), and +2 or lower (low). Chi-squared analysis was performed using SPSS. Results: Twelve residents assessed 143 labouring women for fetal position. The overall accuracy rate was 47.9%. Women who had a prior vaginal delivery were more likely to have fetal position inaccurately assessed by exam. Correct assessment occurred in 55.4% (N=46) of women without a history of vaginal delivery versus 38.3% (N=23) of women with a vaginal delivery (p=0.044). When the axis of the fetal head was assessed without taking into acc...

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Vectorcardiography and Acid‐base Balance in the Human Fetus

Cited by 13 publications

References 4 publications

Interpretation of the fetal ECG during labor: the effect of uterine contractions

Interpretation of the fetal ECG during labor: the effect of uterine contractions

The use of the fetal electrocardiogram in labour

The role of fetal ECG monitoring in labour

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