“…However, our results showed significant associations between vector abundance, indoor temperature and relative humidity, which might be a relevant predictor for disease prevalence. One study (Kumar et al 2009) supports that the presence of cracks and crevices, due to high levels of relative humidity and temperature, generates essential breeding conditions for P. argentipes. These findings are also supported by another study (Ready 2008), which demonstrated spatiotemporal modelling of the distributions of the leishmaniasis and their sandfly vectors in relation to climate change in Europe.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 97%
“…1). Data on sandfly distribution, frequency and biology (Kesari et al 2010), as well as on the sampling areas of Lohardaga and Vaishali (Kumar et al 2009), have been reported. Similar to other regions in the upper Gangetic plain, the climate of Vaishali is humid and tropical.…”
“…However, our results showed significant associations between vector abundance, indoor temperature and relative humidity, which might be a relevant predictor for disease prevalence. One study (Kumar et al 2009) supports that the presence of cracks and crevices, due to high levels of relative humidity and temperature, generates essential breeding conditions for P. argentipes. These findings are also supported by another study (Ready 2008), which demonstrated spatiotemporal modelling of the distributions of the leishmaniasis and their sandfly vectors in relation to climate change in Europe.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 97%
“…1). Data on sandfly distribution, frequency and biology (Kesari et al 2010), as well as on the sampling areas of Lohardaga and Vaishali (Kumar et al 2009), have been reported. Similar to other regions in the upper Gangetic plain, the climate of Vaishali is humid and tropical.…”
“…However, with the end of the Global Malaria Eradication Campaign in 1971, resurgence of the infection was observed, which reached its zenith in 1977, probably affecting a million people, with a fatality rate of about 7% 30,31 . Currently, India has been implementing the use of DDT in the State of Bihar since 1971, but control has not been achieved 32 , even though the country plans to eradicate the disease by 2015 33 . Some current studies have compared the effectiveness of residual spraying of insecticides with mosquito nets impregnated with long-term insecticides and with environmental modification, and the best results have been with indoor residual spraying 34,35 .…”
How effective is dog culling in controlling zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis? A critical evaluation of the science, politics and ethics behind this public health policyQuanto é efetivo o abate de cães para o controle do calazar zoonótico? Uma avaliação crítica da ciência, política e ética por trás desta política de saúde pública Carlos Henrique Nery Costa 1,2 ABSTRACT Introduction: Zoonotic kala-azar, a lethal disease caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania is considered out of control in parts of the world, particularly in Brazil, where transmission has spread to cities throughout most of the territory and mortality presents an increasing trend. Although a highly debatable measure, the Brazilian government regularly culls seropositive dogs to control the disease. Since control is failing, critical analysis concerning the actions focused on the canine reservoir was conducted. Methods: In a review of the literature, a historical perspective focusing mainly on comparisons between the successful Chinese and Soviet strategies and the Brazilian approach is presented. In addition, analyses of the principal studies regarding the role of dogs as risk factors to humans and of the main intervention studies regarding the efficacy of the dog killing strategy were undertaken. Brazilian political reaction to a recently published systematic review that concluded that the dog culling program lacked efficiency and its effect on public policy were also reviewed. Results: No firm evidence of the risk conferred by the presence of dogs to humans was verified; on the contrary, a lack of scientific support for the policy of killing dogs was confirmed. A bias for distorting scientific data towards maintaining the policy of culling animals was observed. Conclusions: Since there is no evidence that dog culling diminishes visceral leishmaniasis transmission, it should be abandoned as a control measure. Ethical considerations have been raised regarding distorting scientific results and the killing of animals despite minimal or absent scientific evidence
“…10,50 Many IRS studies have demonstrated a decrease in vector density and infection incidence after short-term follow-up. 11 However, other studies reflected little or no change in infection rates and even have suggested that infection rates may not be as dependent upon vector density as previously believed.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In Bihar state, VL is resistant to the cheapest universal first-line treatment option (pentavalent antimonials); patients are therefore subjected to a more costly and rigorous treatment regimen 2,8,9 ; additionally, the effect of ongoing vector control efforts on regional disease incidence and transmission have yielded mixed results. [10][11][12] The ability of a one-time infection to grant lifelong immunity has made the idea of a potential vaccine promising 13 ; although first-generation whole-killed vaccines have been unsuccessful in clinical trials, second-generation recombinant polyprotein vaccines have shown more promise. Specifically, recombinant vaccine candidate LEISH-111f + MPL-SE (now LEISH-F1), 14 developed by a Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation funded initiative through the Infectious Disease Research Institute at Banaras Hindu University, has recently completed phase I clinical trials in India.…”
Abstract. Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is responsible for substantial morbidity and mortality and current available treatments have many limitations. The ability of VL infection to generate life-long immunity offers promise for the development of a VL vaccine. A VL vaccine candidate has recently completed phase I clinical trials. We constructed a computer simulation model to determine the potential economic value of a VL vaccine in the endemic region of Bihar state, India. Results found a potential vaccine to be cost-effective (and in many cases economically dominant, i.e., saving costs and providing health benefits) throughout a wide range of vaccination costs, vaccine efficacies, and VL risks. Overall, our study strongly supports the continued development of a VL vaccine.
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