“…Recently, diesel-engine generators have been adopted as emergency electric power in large houses (Mayer, 2000;Singh, 2004;Budisan et al, 2007). Additionally, dieselengine generators are widely used, in which industrial development is rapid, and the expansion of the supply of electrical power has not kept up with the demand in some areas (Idjdarene et al, 2008). Unfortunately, relevant emission control regulations or standards have not yet been instituted for non-road diesel engines.…”
This study investigates the size distribution of nano/ultrafine particle-bound PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) and the PAH-associated carcinogenic potency/cytotoxicity of the exhaust from a generator that is fuelled with D100 (pure petroleum diesel) and S20 (v/v = 20% soy-biodiesel/80% D100) and operated at stable energy output loads (0 and 3 kW). A micro-orifice uniform deposit impactor (MOUDI) and a Nano-MOUDI (with aerodynamic diameters of 0.01-18 μm) were used to collect PM samples. The cytotoxicity of the organic solvent extracts of PM samples to the human male monocytic cell strain (U937) was evaluated using the MTT (3-(4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) method. The results indicate that at both loads, using S20 in place of D100 effectively reduced the emissions of DEPs, PAHs in the DEPs, and PAHs-associated BaP eq ; furthermore, the unit mass cytotoxicity of ultrafine particles and nano-particles in the DEPs was also lowered (by an average of 52.6%). Therefore, soybean biodiesel (S20) can be used as an alternative fuel to petroleum diesel to reduce the hazards of emissions from diesel engines to human health.
“…Recently, diesel-engine generators have been adopted as emergency electric power in large houses (Mayer, 2000;Singh, 2004;Budisan et al, 2007). Additionally, dieselengine generators are widely used, in which industrial development is rapid, and the expansion of the supply of electrical power has not kept up with the demand in some areas (Idjdarene et al, 2008). Unfortunately, relevant emission control regulations or standards have not yet been instituted for non-road diesel engines.…”
This study investigates the size distribution of nano/ultrafine particle-bound PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) and the PAH-associated carcinogenic potency/cytotoxicity of the exhaust from a generator that is fuelled with D100 (pure petroleum diesel) and S20 (v/v = 20% soy-biodiesel/80% D100) and operated at stable energy output loads (0 and 3 kW). A micro-orifice uniform deposit impactor (MOUDI) and a Nano-MOUDI (with aerodynamic diameters of 0.01-18 μm) were used to collect PM samples. The cytotoxicity of the organic solvent extracts of PM samples to the human male monocytic cell strain (U937) was evaluated using the MTT (3-(4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) method. The results indicate that at both loads, using S20 in place of D100 effectively reduced the emissions of DEPs, PAHs in the DEPs, and PAHs-associated BaP eq ; furthermore, the unit mass cytotoxicity of ultrafine particles and nano-particles in the DEPs was also lowered (by an average of 52.6%). Therefore, soybean biodiesel (S20) can be used as an alternative fuel to petroleum diesel to reduce the hazards of emissions from diesel engines to human health.
“…1, with saturation neglected, we have: (11) To the contrary, the alternative that we propose in this contribution begins with the fitting of the characteristic relating the magnetizing inductance L m , as obtained experimentally, to the air gap flux. Fig.…”
Section: Space Vector Equationsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The literature dealing with vector control or field orientation control methods is very rich, but fundamentals are sufficiently summarized in [10,11]. Application of such control techniques lead to the use of new models based on stator winding currents and fluxes, stator winding currents and rotor winding fluxes and stator currents associated with magnetizing fluxes.…”
This paper discusses general methods of modelling magnetic saturation in steady-state, two-axis (d & q) frame models of dual stator induction generators (DSIG). In particular, the important role of the magnetic coupling between the d-q axes (cross-magnetizing phenomenon) is demonstrated, with and without cross-saturation. For that purpose, two distinct models of DSIGs, with and without cross-saturation, are specified. These two models are verified by an application that is sensitive to the presence of cross-saturation, to prove the validity of these final methods and the equivalence between all developed models. Advantages of some of the models over the existing ones and their applicability are discussed. In addition, an alternative is given to evaluate all saturation factors (static and dynamic) by just calculating the static magnetizing inductance which is simply the magnitude of the ratio of the magnetizing flux to the current. The comparison between the simulation results of the proposed model with experimental results gives a good correspondence, especially at startup.
“…The output power of a wind turbine is a complex relationship involving the wind speed (Vw), expressed as [1,10,11] R is the radius, is the mechanical angular velocity, respectively, of the wind turbine rotor. Expressions of Cp as a function of employed in [1,12,13] …”
Abstract-This paper presents an analysis by which the dynamic performances of a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) motor is controlled through a hysteresis current loop and an outer speed loop with different controllers. The dynamics of the wind turbine pumping drive system with (PI) and a fuzzy sliding mode (FSM) speed controllers are presented. In order to optimize the overall system efficiency, a maximum power point tracker is also used. Simulation is carried out by formatting the mathematical model for wind turbine generator, motor and pump load. The results for such complicated and nonlinear system, with fuzzy sliding mode speed controller show improvement in transient response of the PMSM drive over conventional PI. The effectiveness of the FSM controller is also demonstrated.
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