Vector autoregressions

On Establishing Empirical relationship between Global Crude oil Market and the Nigerian Stock Exchange using Vector Autoregressive Model

“…Hence, the impulse response function traces out the effect of an impulse to one endogenous variable due to other variables in the VAR model. More precisely, it reveals the behavior of a variable due to an impulse or innovation from other variables (Kunst R., 2007, Hossain V. et al, 2015. Stages of impulses and responses in this study were subdivided into five ( 5) periods (a period equals or consist of 4 years and 4 months).…”

“…The granger causality is used to find out about a variable's or a group of variable's forecasting ability with respect to other variables. If a variable, or group of variables, 1 y is found to be helpful for predicting another variable or group of variables, 2 y ; then 1 y is said to Granger-cause 2 y , otherwise it is said to fail to Granger-cause 2 y (Kunst R., 2007). The test statistic is given by…”

“…The forecast error tells us the proportion of the innovations in the series. It provides information about the relative importance of the random innovations in affecting a variable in the VAR model and the relative importance of the response of the variable in the model to shocks (Kunst R., 2007). Given the Wald representation of t Y based on the uncorrelated/orthogonal errors t η (also called structural errors) is given by ...…”

Membrane distillation: a new approach using composite membranes

“…LatL?.L3eols- 56 (1984) wetting of the hydrophobic membrane, which can take place i f o r g a n i c l i q u i d s or s u r f a c t a n t s are p r e s e n t i n the feed or i n the permeate. The a p p l i c a t i o n of a permselective hydrophilic toplayer onto a porous hydrophobic membrane went beyond t h e scrJpe of this proposal.…”

“…A model, i n which vapourl i q u i d e q u i l i b r i a data are combined with a n e f f e c t of temperature and conc e n t r a t i o n p o l a r i z a t i o n , is described i n chapter 4. Stresa ( I t a l y ) , June [18][19][20][21][22]1984) ; Plenum Press, New York, 1986York, . 1985 (1987) that the non-wetting condition is f u l f i l l e d f o r a number of hydrophobic membranes.…”