VCSEL-Based Optical Transceivers for Future Data Center Applications

Tatum, Jim A.; Landry, Gary D.; Gazula, D.; Wade, J.K.; Westbergh, Petter

doi:10.1364/ofc.2018.m3f.6

Cited by 16 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…In more recent work, strained InGaAs QWs were adopted because of their larger differential gain, compared to unstrained GaAs QWs. Many groups have realized up to an approximate 30 GHz modulation bandwidth of 850 nm VCSELs, by using strained InGaAs QWs, in combination with graded interfaces and modulation doped DBRs, multiple oxide apertures, a short cavity, and photon lifetime tuning [29,39,40]. Under both NRZ-OOK (PAM 2) and PAM 4 modulation, the bit rates for short distances have been increased beyond 50 Gb/s or 100 Gb/s, respectively.…”

Section: Nm Vcselsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Progress in Short Wavelength Energy-Efficient High-Speed Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers for Data Communication

2023

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The current progress of energy-efficient high-speed VCSELs based on GaAs substrates is presented. Novel approaches for the design of VCSELs are presented, potentially leading to larger bandwidth bit rates and lower power consumption. The first approach is based on the optimization of the VCSEL photon lifetime. The second one introduces a novel design based on oxidizing the apertures from multiple etched holes of varying geometries. These designs are also essential for improving the energy efficiency of future modules by optimizing the match of the electronic driver and the photonic device.

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Section: Nm Vcselsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Progress in Short Wavelength Energy-Efficient High-Speed Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers for Data Communication

2023

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“…Also, over the past five years, an improvement in the quality of heterostructures of devices based on quantum dots has been noted: their effective modulation frequency has almost doubled from 12-14 GHz [99,132] to [20][21][22]121].…”

Section: Small-signal Modulation Responsementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, there is an opportunity to test VCSELs on the wafer, which reduces the cost of the devices, due to the crystals quantity per unit area, and allows to form twodimensional matrices with many individual addressing emitters [21]. These matrices can be considered as sources for optical switching of electronic modules in high-performance computing systems [22]. For example, VCSELs are used in the Tsubame 3.0 supercomputer of the Tokyo Institute of Technology, and in cryogenic environments they reach bandwidth frequencies up to 40 and 50 GHz [23,24].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review on Single-Mode Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers for High-Speed Data Transfer

Rochas¹,

Kovach²,

Kopytov³

et al. 2022

Rev. Adv. Mater. Technol.

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Vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) are wide-spread laser sources for different applications in optical communication and sensing. The evolution of fabrication processes and new technological approaches allow to obtain high-Q single-mode VCSELs with data rates more than 100 Gbps. This review discusses basic designs and construction features of VCSELs that effect on their applications. The advances over the past 20 years for single-mode VCSELs of 850 nm, 1300 nm and 1550 nm wavelength ranges are presented.

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“…These improved performance characteristics originate from the modified valence band structure of strained InGaAs QW active layer leading to a higher differential gain than in lattice matched QWs [6]. Several groups have reported modulation bandwidth of > 25 GHz from 850-nm oxide-confined VCSELs [7,8], but the highest modulation bandwidth among commercially available VCSELs is ~ 20 GHz (or modulation data rate of 25 Gbps). Reliability of high-speed VCSELs has been extensively investigated for the last decade [9 -11], but little has been reported on reliability and failure modes of 25 Gbps VCSELs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reliability and failure mode analysis of high-speed 850-nm oxide-confined multi-mode VCSELs for space applications

Sin

Theiss²,

Huang³

et al. 2023

Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers XXVII

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Remarkable progress made in performance characteristics and reliability of high-speed (> 10 GHz) 850-nm multi-mode (MM) oxide-confined vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) during the last decade has led them to find applications in space satellite systems. The main advantage of deploying high-speed VCSELs in space satellites over directly modulated 850-nm edge emitting lasers is the absence of COMD (catastrophic optical mirror damage). In recent years, leading VCSEL manufacturers introduced higher speed (~ 20 GHz or 25 Gbps) VCSELs with encouraging characteristics. However, little has been reported on reliability and failure modes of these state-of-the-art VCSELs although it is crucial to understand failure modes and degradation mechanisms in these VCSELs through physics of failure investigation and subsequently develop VCSELs that exceed lifetime requirements for space satellite systems. For the present study, we performed short-term and long-term accelerated life-tests on 25 Gbps oxide-confined MM VCSELs to study reliability of these devices. Our goal is to extract credible reliability model parameters (thermal activation energy and current exponent factor) from these life-tests to determine suitability of these lasers for future space satellite systems. We also performed failure mode analysis on VCSELs at different stages of degradation using various techniques. We employed nondestructive techniques including optical beam induced current (OBIC) and electron beam induced current (EBIC) techniques as well as destructive techniques including focused ion beam (FIB) and high-resolution TEM techniques. Our detailed reliability and failure mode analysis results are reported along with our understanding on the physical origin of degradation in high-speed VCSELs with strained InGaAs quantum wells.

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VCSEL-Based Optical Transceivers for Future Data Center Applications

Cited by 16 publications

References 4 publications

Progress in Short Wavelength Energy-Efficient High-Speed Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers for Data Communication

Progress in Short Wavelength Energy-Efficient High-Speed Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers for Data Communication

Review on Single-Mode Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers for High-Speed Data Transfer

Reliability and failure mode analysis of high-speed 850-nm oxide-confined multi-mode VCSELs for space applications

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