VCSEL-Based Interconnects for Current and Future Data Centers

Tatum, Jim A.; Gazula, D.; Graham, Luke A.; Guenter, James K.; Johnson, R.H.; King, Jonathan P.; Kocot, Chris; Landry, Gary D.; Lyubomirsky, I.; MacInnes, Andrew N.; Shaw, E.; Balemarthy, K.; Shubochkin, Roman; Vaidya, Durgesh S.; Yan, M. F.; Tang, Frederick L.W.

doi:10.1109/jlt.2014.2370633

Cited by 212 publications

(76 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Equation (1) shows that the maximum coupling will take place when δ=0. Therefore, from (2) it is possible to define the grating period as:…”

Section: B Mechanical Mode Convertermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…HE availability of cost effective vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSEL's) at 850 nm combined with optimized designs of multimode fiber (MMF) have been stablished as a low cost solution for short range high speed optical data links [1], [2]. The use of 850 nm VCSEL's for transmission over SSMF constitutes a promising low cost solution to improve the capacity and the link reach provided by MMF [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Mode Conversion for Mode Division Multiplexing at 850 nm in Standard SMF

García-Rodríguez

Corral

Llorente

2017

IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.

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“…Equation (1) shows that the maximum coupling will take place when δ=0. Therefore, from (2) it is possible to define the grating period as:…”

Section: B Mechanical Mode Convertermentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mode Conversion for Mode Division Multiplexing at 850 nm in Standard SMF

García-Rodríguez

Corral

Llorente

2017

IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett.

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“…2). CPD can be reduced by making the active region thicker and smaller in diameter at the expense of increased carrier transit time and alignment tolerances [6]. In addition, any capacitance between the PD output and the TIA input, such as pads, electrostatic discharge (ESD) device, packaging and routing, leads to increasing the effective PD capacitance and thus degrading the RX BW.…”

Section: A Photodiodementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Beyond 100 m, even the higher-bandwidth (BW) OM4 MMFs suffer from significant loss. Due to modal and chromatic dispersion, along with mode partition noise from the MM VCSEL [5], a severe power penalty (> 5 dB) is predicted for a 300 m channel at a bit-error-rate (BER) of 10 -12 [6]. To maintain a low latency for datacenter applications, lower BERs in conjunction with forward error correction (FEC) are undesirable.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Silicon-Photonics Microring Links for Datacenters—Challenges and Opportunities

Ahmed

Sharkia

Casper

et al. 2016

IEEE J. Select. Topics Quantum Electron.

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The rapid growth of warehouse-scale datacenters demands high-throughput optical interconnects that can span short-to-medium reach distances (< few kilometers). Microringbased silicon-photonics links with single mode fibers (SMFs) are highly promising for these applications. This paper presents an analysis of microring-based links from the holistic perspective of optical devices, CMOS circuits, and system-level link budget and energy-efficiency simulations. Design considerations and tradeoffs for the receiver, transmitter and the overall link are presented, and comparisons are made to the mainstream multimode vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL)-based links with multi-mode fibers (MMFs). Finally, research opportunities are highlighted for further improving the energy efficiency of single-channel and wavelength division multiplexing (WDM)based silicon-photonics links.

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“…Since the first commercial deployment of VCSELs at 1 Gb/s for interconnects in 1996, the vast majority of optical links within data centers nowadays has been dominated by high-speed (e.g., 10~28 Gb/s) VCSELs operating at 850 nm over multimode fibers (MMFs) [1].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

1.55-μm directly modulated VCSEL link for optical access applications

Kim

2015

2015 10th International Conference on Information, Communications and Signal Processing (ICICS)

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We explore the possibility of utilizing 1.55-ȝm directly modulated vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) for the use in optical access networks. For this purpose, we experimentally investigate the transmission performance of high-speed (10~25 Gb/s) on-off keying (OOK) and 4-ary pulse amplitude modulation (PAM4) signals generated by using a 1.55-ȝm directly modulated VCSEL over standard single-mode fibers. The electronic dispersion compensation technique is employed at the receiver to maximize the transmission distance. Power budgets of the VCSEL-based optical links are presented over various transmission distances.

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VCSEL-Based Interconnects for Current and Future Data Centers

Cited by 212 publications

References 6 publications

Mode Conversion for Mode Division Multiplexing at 850 nm in Standard SMF

Mode Conversion for Mode Division Multiplexing at 850 nm in Standard SMF

Silicon-Photonics Microring Links for Datacenters—Challenges and Opportunities

1.55-μm directly modulated VCSEL link for optical access applications

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