Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP): Brain distribution, subcellular localization and effect of deafferentation of the hypothalamus in male rats

Besson, J.; Rotsztejn, W.H.; Laburthe, Marc; Epelbaum, Jacques; Beaudet, Alain; Kordon, C.; Rosselin, G

doi:10.1016/0006-8993(79)90046-5

Cited by 167 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…The recovery of the initial immunoreactivity in the synaptosomal fraction in these studies (t40%) is quite comparable to that for VIP (15,19) and somatostatin (20), which have been suggested to function as neuroregulators. The finding of a relatively high fraction of the CCK-like immunoreactivity in cerebral cortical extracts in the synaptosomal fraction is thus consistent with its potential role as a neurotransmitter or regulator.…”

supporting

confidence: 58%

Localization of cholecystokinin-like immunoreactivity in isolated nerve terminals.

Pinget¹,

Straus²,

Yalow³

1978

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Subcellular fractionation of the rat cerebral cortex demonstrated the presence of immunoreactive cholecystokinin in the pellet identified by electron microscopy as containing a high proportion of synaptic vesicles. The recovery in this pellet of 40% of the total immunoreactivity in the initial cortical extract is quite comparable to the recovery of other peptides such as vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and somatostatin, which are also located in synaptosomes and for which roles as neuroregulators or transmitters have been suggested. The evidence of concentration of cholecystokinin-like peptides in the synaptosomal pellet is consistent with our earlier demonstration by immunohistochemical techniques of cholecystokinin's presence in rabbit cerebral cortical neurons. These observations and the evidence for diminished concentration of cholecystokinin-like peptides in the brains of hyperphagic mice are consistent with cholecystokinin's suggested role as a neuroregulator for appetite. There are several likenesses in the biologic properties of cholecystokinin (CCK) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP). Each was originally isolated from gastrointestinal mucosa (1-4) and was shown subsequently to be present in the brain (5-8). There do appear to be some differences in that there is not uniform agreement as to the hormonal form(s) of each of these peptides in each tissue site in which it has been found. Some have reported that VIP immunoreactivity in brain and gut was accounted for by a single component resembling intact VIP (6, 7), while another group has detected a minor component of smaller molecular size in the colonic mucosa (9). However, in the case of CCK, COGH-terminal fragments appear to be quite prominent. Several laboratories have reported that the COGH-terminal fragments, including the octapeptide (CCK-8), may account for virtually all the recoverable activity in the brain (10,11) or in the gut (11). We have found both intact CCK and CCK-8 in the brain and gut, the apparent relative concentrations depending on the site and the extraction technique employed (8,12 Generally subcellular fractionation was carried out according to the method of Whittaker (16). Portions of the extracts were centrifuged at 40C for 10 min at 1000 X g. The resulting pellet was resuspended in the same volume of 0.32 M sucrose and centrifuged again under the same conditions. The pellet (P1) was saved for assay. The two supernatants were pooled (Si), a portion was saved for assay, and the remainder was centrifuged in a Sorvall RC2B for 55 min at 17,000 X g. The supernatant (S2) was saved for assay. The pellet (P2) was resuspended in 3 ml of cold 0.32 M sucrose, 1 ml was saved for assay, and the remainder was applied to a discontinuous gradient. Two milliliters of the suspension was mixed with 5 ml of 1.4 M sucrose and placed at the bottom of the tube (mean concentration 1.2 M sucrose). Then 5 ml of 0.8 M and 2 ml of 0.32 M sucrose were layered above and the tube was centrifuged for 110 min at 55,000 X g. The fractions fl...

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supporting

confidence: 58%

Localization of cholecystokinin-like immunoreactivity in isolated nerve terminals.

Pinget¹,

Straus²,

Yalow³

1978

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) was isolated from lung extracts (1,2), and shortly after its discovery it was shown to be present in a wide variety of peripheral and central neuronal elements (3,4). Its presence in hypothalamic nerve endings (5) as well as in the portal blood (6) indicates that VIP might be involved in the regulation of anterior pituitary hormone secretion.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Vasoactive intestinal peptide-containing neurons in the paraventricular nucleus may participate in regulating prolactin secretion.

Mezey¹,

Kiss²

1985

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

113

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Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) immunoreactivity is present in varicosities and fibers in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) in normal control animals. Adrenalectomy and lactation combined with colchicine treatment results in the appearance of a large population of VIP-immunopositive cell bodies in the parvocellular part of the PVN. Adrenalectomy, as well as lactation, significantly increases the number of VIP-positive fibers in the external zone of the median eminence. These observations suggest that the VIP-immunopositive neurons in the PVN may participate in regulating prolactin and corticotropin secretion.Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) was isolated from lung extracts (1, 2), and shortly after its discovery it was shown to be present in a wide variety of peripheral and central neuronal elements (3, 4). Its presence in hypothalamic nerve endings (5) as well as in the portal blood (6) indicates that VIP might be involved in the regulation of anterior pituitary hormone secretion. Intracerebroventricularly or intravenously administered VIP causes a dose-related increase in plasma prolactin levels (7); in ovariectomized rats it also stimulates the release of growth hormone and luteinizing hormone (8). The effect of VIP on corticotropin (ACTH) secretion is moot (9, 10).At present, then, it is generally agreed that VIP affects pituitary function, but the anatomical substrate of this function is unknown. Work on this problem has been impeded by the absence of data indicating that VIP-positive nerve terminals are present in the external zone of the median eminence. The internal zone, on the other hand, does contain VIP-positive neuronal elements (cf. ref. 4). Below we describe a significant population of VIP-positive cell bodies in the parvocellular region of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) that project to the external zone of the median eminence. This cell population represents the missing link between the "pharmacological" effects of VIP and studies of its neuroendocrine function. METHODS AND MATERIALSMale and female Sprague-Dawley rats (200 g) were used in all of our studies. Three groups of rats were studied: control animals, adrenalectomized animals (1 week after surgery), and lactating animals (2 days after delivery). In all groups, 3 or 4 animals received colchicine treatment 48 hr prior to perfusion to enhance immunoreactivity in cell bodies. The colchicine (90 pug per rat) was injected into the lateral ventricle (coordinates: 1 mm lateral to the midline, 1 mm anterior to the bregma; 4.5 mm ventral to the dura, 3.3 mm nose down, in 15-1.l vol at a flow rate of 1 ul/min).The rats were anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital (40 mg/kg) and were perfused through the ascending aorta with 4% paraformaldehyde/0.2% saturated picric acid in 0.16 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH, 7.2). The brains were removed and postfixed in the same fixative for 90 min, then rinsed overnight in phosphate-buffered saline. Fifty-micrometer-thick Vibratome sections were cut and processed u...

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“…Immunoreactive VIP was also demonstrated in nerve endings of the hypothalamus (EMSON et al, 1978;BESSON et al, 1979) and in the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal blood (SAID and PORTER, 1979). From these findings, VIP seems to be involved in the control of pituitary hormone secretion.…”

mentioning

confidence: 67%

Inhibitory effect of cholecystokinin octapeptide on vasoactive intestinal peptide-induced stimulation of adrenocortical secretion.

Itoh

Hirota

1983

Jpn.J.Physiol

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Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP): Brain distribution, subcellular localization and effect of deafferentation of the hypothalamus in male rats

Cited by 167 publications

References 16 publications

Localization of cholecystokinin-like immunoreactivity in isolated nerve terminals.

Localization of cholecystokinin-like immunoreactivity in isolated nerve terminals.

Vasoactive intestinal peptide-containing neurons in the paraventricular nucleus may participate in regulating prolactin secretion.

Inhibitory effect of cholecystokinin octapeptide on vasoactive intestinal peptide-induced stimulation of adrenocortical secretion.

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