Vasoactive intestinal peptide in man: pharmacokinetics, metabolic and circulatory effects.

Abstract

SUMMARY Graded doses of 0-6, 1'3, and 3.3 pmol/kg/min of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) were intravenously infused over 30 minute periods in four healthy volunteers and plasma VIP levels were measured by radioimmunoassay. Even with the smallest dose of VIP, plasma concentrations rose markedly above normal values. Infusion of higher VIP doses resulted in mean plateau levels of circulating VIP which were in the range of VIP values found in the Verner-Morrison syndrome. After cessation of the VIP infusions, plasma VIP levels fell strikingly by first order kinetics with an average disappearance half-time of one minute. The apparent metabolic clearance rate was about 9 ml/kg/min and the apparent volume of distribution for VIP was approximately 14 ml/kg. During infusion of the highest VIP dose, previously shown to induce one-fifth maximum pancreatic juice secretion, plasma concentrations of glucose, free fatty acids, and calcium were slightly but significantly raised, the pulse rate and the amplitude of blood pressure were increased, and cutaneous flushing occurred. The spectrum of effects accords well with some abnormalities seen in the Verner-Morrison syndrome. The present data, however, do not support a role for VIP as a circulating hormone, at least under physiological conditions.Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) was originally isolated from hog small intestine (Said and Mutt, 1970). It has been found in high concentrations not only in the entire gastrointestinal tract Polak et al., 1974) but it has also been shown to be present in central and peripheral neurons (Bryant et al., 1976;Said and Rosenberg, 1976).It remains a matter of debate whether VIP predominantly acts as a local tissue hormone, plays its major role as a neurotransmitter substance, or acts as a circulating hormone (Bryant et al., 1976 levels of VIP had been produced by the originally administered VIP infusions, the same VIP dosage was repeated in additional volunteers and the plasma levels of VIP were measured. On the data obtained a pharmacokinetic analysis was performed. In addition, some routine laboratory parameters were assessed. MethodsFour healthy male volunteers (mean age 23 + 1 years, mean body weight 72 ± 2 kg) with no history or physical findings of gastrointestinal or renal diseases were studied. All subjects gave informed written consent. The experimental protocol had been approved by the Local Ethical Committee. On separate days, in random order, four series of tests were done on each subject. After an overnight fast, the individual study was started. Through an indwelling antecubital catheter, saline solution (0-15 M NaCI) was infused at 30 ml/h with a syringe pump (Model 71100, Braun, Melsungen, W. Germany) for a basal period of 30 minutes. Then 1049 on 13 May 2018 by guest. Protected by copyright.

Glucose-targeted niosomes deliver vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) to the brain

“…However, like most endogenous peptides, its potential therapeutic applications are limited by its failure to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) which strictly controls the access of solutes to the brain (Begley, 1996) and by its rapid elimination after intravenous administration. Its blood half-life is less than 1 min in rat (Hassan et al, 1994) and approximately 1 min in man (Domschke et al, 1978). However, it has recently been shown that a weak amount of VIP appeared to reach the brain in conditions where a large amount of intravenous radiolabelled peptide was administrated (Dogrukol-Ak et al, 2003), which allowed to increase the sensitivity of the brain delivery assays utilized in these studies but also possible risks of side effects of this high concentration of free circulating radiopeptide.…”

Stapled Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) Derivatives Improve VPAC2 Agonism and Glucose-Dependent Insulin Secretion

“…For instance, proteolytic degradation and renal clearance account mainly for the fact that the in vivo half-life of VIP is less than one minute, 14 making its chronic use problematic. Therefore, limiting or preventing proteolytic degradation would be of value in developing VIP as a therapeutic.…”

Elucidation of Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Pharmacophore for VPAC1Receptors in Human, Rat, and Guinea Pig

“…Studies demonstrate that the entire molecule is required for high-affinity interaction with VIP receptors . Furthermore, in vivo VIP has a half-life of less than 1 min (Domschke et al, 1978). Developing simplified, stable VIP analogs with high affinity for VIP receptors would be useful as prototypes to develop more stable analogs, selective receptor analogs that interact with one of the two G proteincoupled receptors mediating VIP's actions (Harmar et al, 1998), or for in vivo physiological and pathological studies.…”