Vasectomy review: Sequelae in the human epididymis and ductus deferens

McDonald, Stuart W.

doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-2353(1996)9:5<337::aid-ca7>3.0.co;2-9

Cited by 39 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…The granulomas were composed mainly of monocyte-like and epithelioid macrophages whose cytoplasm had many fragmented spermatozoa in an electron microscopy, indicating a high phagocytic activity of these macrophages 4 . The anatomical and histological characteristics of L-Cys-induced rat sperm granulomas bore a close resemblance to those of human sperm granulomas following vasectomy 5 . The pathogenesis of sperm granulomas is very complicated, consisting of rupture of the reproductive tract at the early stages and granulomatous reaction to released spermatozoa at the subsequent stages.…”

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confidence: 64%

Age-dependent Decrease in Incidence of Rat Sperm Granulomas Induced by L-Cysteine

et al. 2003

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Abstract:The pathogenesis of sperm granulomas is very complicated, and leakage of spermatozoa into extraluminal tissues is regarded as a crucial event. We previously reported that sperm granulomas were frequently induced in the epididymides of pubertal rats by excessive dose of L-cysteine (L-Cys). Here, we compared the incidence of sperm granulomas between L-Cys-treated pubertal (6-week-old) and adult (11-week-old) rats by intraperitoneally injecting daily with L-Cys (800 mg/kg body weight) for 4 weeks. L-Cys-induced sperm granulomas were seen in 6 rats of 10 L-Cystreated pubertal rats, whereas only one rat in 40 L-Cys-treated adult rats developed a sperm granuloma, indicating agedependent decrease in the frequency. In L-Cys-treated pubertal rats, additionally, small ducts (indicative of immaturity), dilated ducts, and interstitial edema were frequently seen, but such findings were rarely present in L-Cys-treated adult rats. The accumulation of spermatozoa in epididymal ducts was often observed both in L-Cys-treated pubertal and adult rats. These findings indicated that the administration with a large amount of L-Cys might have disturbed the luminal microenvironments, with greater influence on pubertal rats than adult rats. Particularly, the findings, that the incidences of small ducts and sperm granulomas were high in L-Cys-treated pubertal rats and low in L-Cys-treated adult rats, suggested that the prerequisite for sperm granuloma formation might be associated mainly with the delayed maturation of epididymal ducts seen exclusively in pubertal rats due to excessive dose of L-Cys. (J Toxicol Pathol 2003; 16: 123-127) Key words: L-cysteine, sperm granuloma, epididymis, adult rat Sperm granuloma is a chronic granulomatous lesion to spermatozoa released into the extraluminal tissue of the reproductive tract [1][2][3] . The granulomas were composed mainly of monocyte-like and epithelioid macrophages whose cytoplasm had many fragmented spermatozoa in an electron microscopy, indicating a high phagocytic activity of these macrophages 4 . The anatomical and histological characteristics of L-Cys-induced rat sperm granulomas bore a close resemblance to those of human sperm granulomas following vasectomy 5 . The pathogenesis of sperm granulomas is very complicated, consisting of rupture of the reproductive tract at the early stages and granulomatous reaction to released spermatozoa at the subsequent stages.Previously, we have shown that repeated injection of Lcysteine (L-Cys, 1,000 mg/kg, intraperitoneally), a sulfurcontaining amino acid, to pubertal rats at the age of 6 weeks induced sperm granulomas in the epididymides at a high frequency 6 . Because immature type (developing) epididymal ducts were still observed often in L-Cys-treated rats, we considered that development of the lesions might be associated with prolonged maturation of epididymal ducts resulting in obstruction of semen flow and a rise in intraluminal pressure; this condition might be responsible for ductal rupture and subsequent leakage of spermatozoa...

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confidence: 64%

Age-dependent Decrease in Incidence of Rat Sperm Granulomas Induced by L-Cysteine

et al. 2003

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“…Testis showed extensive damage primarily induced by increased intra-luminal pressure with corresponding variation in weight and dimension, apart from severely affected spermatogenesis. The pathological changes in testes after vasectomy are closely related to the variation in the distensibility of the duct system, spermatogenic rate, and sperm transit time in the epididymis [McDonald 1996[McDonald , 2000 and supported by the vasectomy reversal (vaso-vasostomy) that stops further progression of vasectomy induced pathological changes [Flickinger et al 1987]. The epididymal dysfunction can be the primary cause for the failure of vasectomy reversal [McDonald 1996] and has been reported to inflict changes in mRNA expression in epididymal tubules [Doiron et al 2003].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…From the literature it is quite clear that understanding the mechanism and arriving at a consensus on sequelae of vasectomy seems to be very difficult. Several experiments have been done to study the effect of vasectomy in various animals like mice, shrew, guinea pig, rat, rabbit, hamster, bull, monkey [Aitken et al 1999;Alexander 1972;Bedford 1976;Flickinger 1975;Igboeli and Rakha 1970;McGlynn and Erpino 1974;Singh and Chakravarty 2000;Singh and Dominic 1981], and human [Jarow et al 1985;McDonald 1996] yet there are conflicting reports on vasectomy sequelae. Evidence suggests that alteration in testis and epididymis is primarily due to intraluminal pressure as a result of sperm accumulation [Flickinger et al 1987;Muir et al 1976].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-term study of vasectomy inMacaca radiata– histological and ultrasonographic analysis of testis and duct system

Prakash

Krishnaswamy

2014

Systems Biology in Reproductive Medicine

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This study was aimed to investigate the long-term effect of vasectomy using the bonnet monkey (Macaca radiata) as a primate animal model. Animals weighing around 6 to 8 kg were randomly chosen for bilateral, unilateral vasectomy and sham-control. The postoperative periods of six months and two years were considered as short and long-term, respectively. Sperm were collected and subjected to analysis before euthanasia. The testes and epididymides were excised from euthanized animals then embedded in paraffin. Normal histological changes were observed in sham-operated animals and short-term contralateral testes. In contrast, marked alterations were observed in the testes and epididymides of both short and long-term groups. Seminiferous epithelium was thinned out showing marked depletion of germ cells in long-term; only a thin layer of Sertoli cells, spermatogonia, and fewer spermatocytes were seen. Exfoliation of germ cells and the occurrence of multinucleated giant cells were common features in these tubules. The epididymal tubular lumens were greatly dilated with accumulated spermatozoa in short and long-term animals; significant defects were observed in the epithelium of the long-term animals. Microscopic spermatic granulomas were noticed in epididymides and the vas deferens. Large granulomas were seen in long-term vasectomized monkeys, frequently compressing the surrounding structures. These granulomas could be visualized in ultrasound, however, only at the late stage of its occurrence. Sperm collected from the unilateral vasectomized animals showed a poor motility score in the capillary mucus penetration test (CMPT). Results indicate that the changes observed after vasectomy might be due to pressure initially, whereas in the long-term the damage was supplemented by autoimmune attack. With immunoglobulin (IgG) deposition in contra-lateral unoperated testis of unilateral vasectomized animals it also showed degenerative changes and a concomitant drop in sperm quality. Although, granulomatous reactions were observed in the epididymis and vas deferens but testes were spared from such reactions even in the long-term.

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“…A rather slow fluid movement occurred in the lumen, causing particular side effects, until the formation of intraluminal sperm granulomas. Nevertheless, these side effects disappeared following granuloma formation (Turner, 1990;McDonald, 1996).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of the Effects of Vasectomy and Experimental Cryptorchidism in Rats

Yücel

Onarlıoğlu

Eray

et al. 1998

Okajimas Folia Anatomica Japonica

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Summary: Vasectomy is a male contraception method that its side effects and reversibility rate are still controversial. Effects of vasectomy on epididymal morphology and function, which plays a crucial role in sperm maturation and storage, have not yet fully described. Therefore the present study was planned to find out the effects of vasectomy on epididymal structure, and comparisons of these effects were also made with the effects of a persistent infertility model, experimental cryptorchidism.To do this, 15 male Swiss albino rats were divided into 3 groups. While 5 animals were sham -operated, the rest were undergone either vasectomy (5 rats) or experimental cryptorchidism (5 rats) procedures. Epididymal tissue samples were collected prepared for light microscopy. Tissue sections were stained using appropriate staining techniques and evaluated under the light microscope.While there were distinct alterations in the epididymal morphology following experimental cryptorchidism, vasectomized rat epididymal features seemed similar to those seen in the sham -operated group. In conclusion, it could be suggested that the vasectomy might be a convenient method for male contraception.

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Vasectomy review: Sequelae in the human epididymis and ductus deferens

Cited by 39 publications

References 41 publications

Age-dependent Decrease in Incidence of Rat Sperm Granulomas Induced by L-Cysteine

Age-dependent Decrease in Incidence of Rat Sperm Granulomas Induced by L-Cysteine

Long-term study of vasectomy inMacaca radiata– histological and ultrasonographic analysis of testis and duct system

Comparison of the Effects of Vasectomy and Experimental Cryptorchidism in Rats

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