Vasectomy, cigarette smoking, and age at first sexual intercourse as risk factors for prostate cancer in middle-aged men

Honda, G; Bernstein, Leslie; Ross, R. K.; Greenland, Sander; Gerkins, Vibeke R.; Be, Henderson

doi:10.1038/bjc.1988.74

Cited by 144 publications

(94 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…To our knowledge, no nationally representative estimates of the cumulative incidence of gonorrhea exist. Our null finding for gonorrhea is consistent with the results from eight previous case-control studies (12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19) but differs from those from an additional six case-control studies and meta-analysis findings (2,7,11,(20)(21)(22)(23). Profound nondifferential misclassification of gonorrhea due to poor recall or a reluctance to report stigmatizing diseases is unlikely to explain our null result for several reasons.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

“…Our overall null study finding for clinical prostatitis is consistent with findings from eight previous case-control studies of clinical prostatitis and prostate cancer (7,12,15,19,(29)(30)(31)(32) but differs from those from an additional nine casecontrol studies and meta-analysis results (3,8,9,13,17,22,23,28). One methodologic concern for positive studies is detection bias, whereby men with a history of prostatitis may be followed more closely for prostate cancer than men without such a history, due to ongoing investigations for chronic prostatitis or closer medical contact following a diagnosis of prostatitis.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Gonorrhea, Syphilis, Clinical Prostatitis, and the Risk of Prostate Cancer

Sutcliffe

Giovannucci

Marzo

et al. 2006

Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers &Amp; Prevention

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Background: Although previous case-control studies have observed positive associations among gonorrhea, syphilis, clinical prostatitis, and prostate cancer, many may have been susceptible to recall and interviewer biases due to their retrospective designs. Therefore, to investigate these associations without concerns of recall and interviewer biases, we conducted a large, prospective investigation in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study. Methods: In 1992, participants were asked to report their histories of gonorrhea, syphilis, and clinical prostatitis by mailed questionnaire. Prostate cancer diagnoses were ascertained by self-report on the 1994 and each subsequent biennial follow-up questionnaire and confirmed by medical record review. Results: Of the 36,033 participants in this analysis, 2,263 were diagnosed with prostate cancer between the date of return

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Gonorrhea, Syphilis, Clinical Prostatitis, and the Risk of Prostate Cancer

Sutcliffe

Giovannucci

Marzo

et al. 2006

Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers &Amp; Prevention

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“…Most studies adjusted for age, but none adjusted for sexual activity. Since an increased number of sexual partners and history of a sexually transmitted infection (STI) appear to be related to prostate cancer 9,17,21,22,35 but likely inversely related to having a vasectomy, this would cause negative confounding. The potential negative confounding would suggest that the pooled RR reported here is underestimated.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vasectomy and the risk of prostate cancer: a meta-analysis examining vasectomy status, age at vasectomy, and time since vasectomy

Dennis

Dawson

Resnick³

2002

Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis

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The aim of this study was to conduct a quantitative review of prostate cancer studies to pool relative risk (RR) estimates on the association between prostate cancer and vasectomy, in an attempt to determine whether there is an association, and if so, its magnitude. Random-effects models were examined along with a linear model for time since vasectomy. The pooled RR estimate was 1.37 (95% CI ¼ 1.15 -1.62) based on five cohort studies and 17 case -control studies. The RR estimate varied by study design with the lowest risk for population-based casecontrol studies. No difference was seen in risk by age at vasectomy. A linear trend based on the 16 studies reporting time since vasectomy suggested an 10% increase for each additional 10 y or a RR of 1.32 (95% CI ¼ 1.17 -1.50) for 30 y since vasectomy. When null effects were assumed for the six studies not reporting information, the linear RR for the 22 studies was 1.07 (1.03 -1.11) and 1.23 (1.11 -1.37) for 10 and 30 y since vasectomy, respectively. These results suggest that men with a prior vasectomy may be at an increased risk of prostate cancer, however, the increase may not be causal since potential bias cannot be discounted. The overall association was small and therefore could be explained by bias. The latency effect shown here for time since vasectomy should be examined further.

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“…7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Potential biological mechanisms supporting an association between vasectomy and incident prostate cancer include increases in androgen levels, which are hypothesised to increase the risk of prostate cancer,31 and impaired secretory function of the prostate, which might prolong exposure of the prostate to carcinogenic factors 11. Although some studies have shown an increase in serum dihydrotestosterone and testosterone after vasectomy,32 33 34 others have found no statistically significant change in androgen levels 35…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vasectomy and risk of prostate cancer: population based matched cohort study

Nayan

Hamilton

Macdonald

et al. 2016

BMJ

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Objective To determine the association between vasectomy and prostate cancer, adjusting for measures of health seeking behaviour.Design Population based matched cohort study.Setting Multiple validated healthcare databases in Ontario, Canada, 1994-2012.Participants 326 607 men aged 20 to 65 who had undergone vasectomy were identified through physician billing codes and matched 1:1 on age (within two years), year of cohort entry, comorbidity score, and geographical region to men who did not undergo a vasectomy.Main outcomes measures The primary outcome was incident prostate cancer. Secondary outcomes were prostate cancer related grade, stage, and mortality.Results 3462 incident cases of prostate cancer were identified after a median follow-up of 10.9 years: 1843 (53.2%) in the vasectomy group and 1619 (46.8%) in the non-vasectomy group. In unadjusted analysis, vasectomy was associated with a slightly increased risk of incident prostate cancer (hazard ratio 1.13, 95% confidence interval 1.05 to 1.20). After adjustment for measures of health seeking behaviour, however, no association remained (adjusted hazard ratio 1.02, 95% confidence interval 0.95 to 1.09). Moreover, no association was found between vasectomy and high grade prostate cancer (adjusted odds ratio 1.05, 95% confidence interval 0.67 to 1.66), advanced stage prostate cancer (adjusted odds ratio 1.04, 0.81 to 1.34), or mortality (adjusted hazard ratio 1.06, 0.60 to 1.85).Conclusion The findings do not support an independent association between vasectomy and prostate cancer.

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Vasectomy, cigarette smoking, and age at first sexual intercourse as risk factors for prostate cancer in middle-aged men

Cited by 144 publications

References 39 publications

Gonorrhea, Syphilis, Clinical Prostatitis, and the Risk of Prostate Cancer

Gonorrhea, Syphilis, Clinical Prostatitis, and the Risk of Prostate Cancer

Vasectomy and the risk of prostate cancer: a meta-analysis examining vasectomy status, age at vasectomy, and time since vasectomy

Vasectomy and risk of prostate cancer: population based matched cohort study

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