Vascularization Strategies in Bone Tissue Engineering

Šimunović, Filip; Finkenzeller, Günter

doi:10.3390/cells10071749

Cited by 82 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 157 publications

(154 reference statements)

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“… Advantages and disadvantages of vascularization strategies. Created based on information from [ 7 ]. …”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The differences between these two layers are rigidity and porosity. The cortical bone is less porous and presents better mechanical stiffness than cancellous bone, which has approximately ten percent of the cortical bone stiffness [ 7 , 8 , 9 ]. Osteons inside the cortical bone form units with a Haversian system containing nerves and blood vessels [ 10 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bone Regeneration and Oxidative Stress: An Updated Overview

et al. 2022

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Bone tissue engineering is a complex domain that requires further investigation and benefits from data obtained over past decades. The models are increasing in complexity as they reveal new data from co-culturing and microfluidics applications. The in vitro models now focus on the 3D medium co-culturing of osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes utilizing collagen for separation; this type of research allows for controlled medium and in-depth data analysis. Oxidative stress takes a toll on the domain, being beneficial as well as destructive. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are molecules that influence the differentiation of osteoclasts, but over time their increasing presence can affect patients and aid the appearance of diseases such as osteoporosis. Oxidative stress can be limited by using antioxidants such as vitamin K and N‑acetyl cysteine (NAC). Scaffolds and biocompatible coatings such as hydroxyapatite and bioactive glass are required to isolate the implant, protect the zone from the metallic, ionic exchange, and enhance the bone regeneration by mimicking the composition and structure of the body, thus enhancing cell proliferation. The materials can be further functionalized with growth factors that create a better response and higher chances of success for clinical use. This review highlights the vast majority of newly obtained information regarding bone tissue engineering, such as new co-culturing models, implant coatings, scaffolds, biomolecules, and the techniques utilized to obtain them.

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“… Advantages and disadvantages of vascularization strategies. Created based on information from [ 7 ]. …”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bone Regeneration and Oxidative Stress: An Updated Overview

et al. 2022

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“…Previous studies have revealed key components of BTE [ 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 ]. According to these studies successful bone regeneration relies on the combination of (1) a bioactive scaffold [ 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 ]; (2) osteoprogenitor cells [ 21 , 26 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 ]; (3) growth factors (GF) [ 23 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 ] and (4) adequate vascularization [ 41 , 42 , 43 ] ( Figure 1 ).…”

Section: Recent Developments In Bone Tissue Engineeringmentioning

confidence: 99%

In Vivo Bone Tissue Engineering Strategies: Advances and Prospects

et al. 2022

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Reconstruction of critical-sized bone defects remains a tremendous challenge for surgeons worldwide. Despite the variety of surgical techniques, current clinical strategies for bone defect repair demonstrate significant limitations and drawbacks, including donor-site morbidity, poor anatomical match, insufficient bone volume, bone graft resorption, and rejection. Bone tissue engineering (BTE) has emerged as a novel approach to guided bone tissue regeneration. BTE focuses on in vitro manipulations with seed cells, growth factors and bioactive scaffolds using bioreactors. The successful clinical translation of BTE requires overcoming a number of significant challenges. Currently, insufficient vascularization is the critical limitation for viability of the bone tissue-engineered construct. Furthermore, efficacy and safety of the scaffolds cell-seeding and exogenous growth factors administration are still controversial. The in vivo bioreactor principle (IVB) is an exceptionally promising concept for the in vivo bone tissue regeneration in a predictable patient-specific manner. This concept is based on the self-regenerative capacity of the human body, and combines flap prefabrication and axial vascularization strategies. Multiple experimental studies on in vivo BTE strategies presented in this review demonstrate the efficacy of this approach. Routine clinical application of the in vivo bioreactor principle is the future direction of BTE; however, it requires further investigation for to overcome some significant limitations.

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“…Bone is a hierarchical structure with outer cortical bone and inner cancellous bone [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. Its unique and complex structure determines its vital functions: protection, support, movement and hematopoiesis [ 4 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functionalization of Electrospun Nanofiber for Bone Tissue Engineering

et al. 2022

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Bone-tissue engineering is an alternative treatment for bone defects with great potential in which scaffold is a critical factor to determine the effect of bone regeneration. Electrospun nanofibers are widely used as scaffolds in the biomedical field for their similarity with the structure of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Their unique characteristics are: larger surface areas, porosity and processability; these make them ideal candidates for bone-tissue engineering. This review briefly introduces bone-tissue engineering and summarizes the materials and methods for electrospining. More importantly, how to functionalize electrospun nanofibers to make them more conducive for bone regeneration is highlighted. Finally, the existing deficiencies of functionalized electrospun nanofibers for promoting osteogenesis are proposed. Such a summary can lay the foundation for the clinical practice of functionalized electrospun nanofibers.

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Vascularization Strategies in Bone Tissue Engineering

Cited by 82 publications

References 157 publications

Bone Regeneration and Oxidative Stress: An Updated Overview

Bone Regeneration and Oxidative Stress: An Updated Overview

In Vivo Bone Tissue Engineering Strategies: Advances and Prospects

Functionalization of Electrospun Nanofiber for Bone Tissue Engineering

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