Vascular precursor cells in tissue injury repair

Abstract

Vascular precursor cells include stem and progenitor cells giving rise to all mature cell types in the wall of blood vessels. Upon tissue injury, local hypoxia and inflammation result in generation of vasculogenic mediators which orchestrate migration of vascular precursor cells from their niche environment to the site of tissue injury. The intricate crosstalk among signaling pathways coordinates vascular precursor cell proliferation and differentiation during neovascularization. Establishment of normal blood perfusion plays an essential role in effective repair of the injured tissue. In recent years, studies on molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of vascular precursor cell function have achieved substantial progress, which promotes exploration of vascular precursor cell-based approaches to treat chronic wounds and ischemic diseases in vital organ systems. Verification of safety and establishment of specific guidelines for the clinical application of vascular precursor cell-based therapy remain major challenges in the field.

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“…[14][15][16][17] CD105 has also been suggested in osteogenesis enhancement due to a reduction in TGF-β1/smad2 signaling. 18 CD73 has a regulatory function in controlling adipocyte, chondrogenic and osteogenic differentiation of MSCs.…”

Sequential Delivery of Cryogel Released Growth Factors and Cytokines Accelerates Wound Healing and Improves Tissue Regeneration

“…The direction of newly formed vessels therefore revealed an upward distribution in the cross-sectional granulation tissue. Furthermore, bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) also participate in neovascularization (Shi et al, 2017;Lu and Li, 2018). Many CD31-positive single cells were found in the granulation tissue on day 7, which may include endothelial cells originated from EPC.…”

Adult Stem Cells in Vascular Remodeling

“…Secondary stimulation of endogenous progenitors has also been attempted. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) is one agent that can stimulate the bone marrow to release EPCs, in addition to release of granulocytes and hematopoietic stem cells 18 . Multiple clinical trials, encouraged by prior positive results in various animals 163 , sought to assess its utility in upregulating endogenous EPC release in patients with ischemic heart disease.…”

“…Large and medium size blood vessels have three distinct layers: 1) the tunica intima, an inner lining of ECs, which may contain a small number of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) 8 , 9 ; 2) the tunica media, a thick middle layer composed of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and a small number of stem cells; and 3) the tunica adventitia, an outer layer of connective tissue containing a heterogeneous population of cells, including fibroblasts, resident inflammatory cells (including macrophages, dendritic cells, T cells and B cells), microvascular (vasa vasorum) ECs around which pericytes reside, adrenergic nerves, and also stem cells (including multipotent mesenchymal stem cells, or MSCs) and progenitor cells (including those with macrophage, endothelial, smooth muscle, and hematopoietic potential) 10 - 18 . All these cells contribute, to varying extents, to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and vascular remodeling.…”