Vascular plant diversity and climate change in the alpine belt of the central Apennines (Italy)

Abstract

The aim of this study is to analyse the vascular flora and the local climate along the altitude gradient in the largest alpine belt of the central Apennines (Majella National Park), and to contribute to the evaluation of the possible effects of global climate changes on the biodiversity of the alpine ecosystem. For this purpose floristic-quantitative analyses and temperature records on three different summits have been carried out by using the methodological protocol of the UE-GLORIA project (2001 2003); the project aims toward a standardised monitoring of flora and temperature in the alpine environment of the main European chains. From the analysis of the changes in species richness along the altitude gradient (2405 m versus 2730 m a.s.l.), it emerged that 70% of species do not reach the highest summit and only 11% of the overall flora is shared by all of the summits examined; a drop in mean temperature has been observed at soil level, along the same gradient from 3.11 to 0.03 degrees C. Floristic-quantitative and climatic analyses have been carried out even along the horizontal gradient (principal exposures), highlighting a great species richness and vegetation cover in eastward aspects. We singled out some endangered rare species and we proved that the slopes facing east will be the first to be affected by the coming of subalpine species from below, whereas northward exposures will be the most conservative, showing greater inertia toward the invasive process caused by the climate warming

Spatial pattern of tree diversity and evenness across forest types in Majella National Park, Italy

“…Altitude is a principal regulatory factor governing the distribution and diversity of vegetation in the region (which is also documented in other studies e.g. Stanisci et al 2005). Change in diversity is less prominent at lower altitude than at higher altitude.…”

Patterns of endemism along an elevation gradient in Sierra Nevada (Spain) and Lefka Ori (Crete, Greece)

“…Similarly, high rates of endemism are known form the Moroccan Atlas mountains (Faverger, 1972), and aboveaverage proportions of endemics in the highest vegetation zones were reported form the Central Apennines (Stanisci et al, 2005) as well as from the highly fragmented and patchily distributed subnival environments of the mountains of Iran (Noroozi et al, 2011).…”

Recent expansion of Pinus nigra Arn. above the timberline in the central Apennines, Italy

“…Only at rare locations (i.e., Majella) mountain pine (Pinus mugo Turra) dwarf shrublands dominate the highest plateaux up to 2,450 ma.s.l. (Stanisci et al 2005). Timberlines in the southern Apennines are mainly composed of two species of the Mediterranean orobiome: Pinus leucodermis at Mt.…”

“…and, less frequently, tree species (Pinus spp., Sorbus aria, and rarely F. sylvatica) (Stanisci et al 2005;Gallucci et al 2010). On the limestone slopes of two of the major peaks in the central Apennines, between Marche and Umbria, we found scattered individuals of European black pine (P. nigra Arnold) above the forest limit.…”