Vascular malformations revisited

Abstract

Vascular malformations are congenital anomalies that can affect each part of the vasculature. Combined forms are common and they are often part of complex syndromes. Most malformations are diagnosed during infancy, but some get obvious only later in life. The field of vascular malformations is emerging with recently described new entities and treatments. Still, misdiagnosis is common in this field, leading to nosologic confusion and wrong treatment. Clinical evaluation and imaging are the gold standard for diagnostic confirmation. Sclerotherapy and embolization are the main treatment techniques but are also used preoperatively to reduce blood loss and shrink the lesion if surgery is planned. Despite new treatment options, especially if extensive in size or involving vulnerable structures, vascular malformations are still considered chronic diseases and cause significant morbidity. Common understanding and agreement on terminology and a multidisciplinary approach are the basis of successful treatment and long-term support for these patients. Continuing research in the field of vascular anomalies will improve knowledge and create further treatment options.

Percutaneous sclerotherapy for spongiform venous malformations – analysis of patient-evaluated outcome and satisfaction

“…A total of 166 patients with spongiform venous malformations were analysed, which constitutes the most common form of VMs [16].…”

Vascular Anomalies (Part I): Classification and Diagnostics of Vascular Anomalies

“…The Schobinger classification for AVMs is established and valuable for the clinical assessment of the actual condition of the vascular anomaly. It also helps in risk stratification for potential indications to treat [24,25]. According to Schobinger, four stages are distinguished: stage I (clinical inactive AVM, local skin hyperthermia), stage II (increase of arterio-venous shunting, presence of pulsation and bruit), stage III (destructive AVM, manifestation of ulcerations, bleeding and pain), and stage IV (decompensated AVM, heart insufficiency or cardiac failure).…”

Interdisciplinary Management of Head and Neck Vascular Anomalies: Clinical Presentation, Diagnostic Findings and Minimalinvasive Therapies

“…In approximately 5 cases per 10 000 individuals a vascular anomaly requiring treatment is diagnosed. Almost 60% of vascular anomalies in young patients have a predilection for the head and neck region due to unkown reasons [3], [4], [5]. Patients can suffer from ulcerations and bleeding complications combined with restriction of hearing, swallowing disorder, and impairment of vision that require treatment.…”