“…Pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-a, are released mostly in the inflamed mucosa by macrophages and monocytes, leading to tissue injury, and are considered to be involved in the mechanism of pouchitis [54]. Like in ulcerative colitis, the production of inflammatory mediators is increased, including pro-inflammatory cytokines [67,[73][74][75][76], cell-adhesion molecules [77], platelet-activating factor [78], lipoxygenase products of arachidonic acids [79,80], vascular endothelial growth factor [80], pro-inflammatory neuropeptides, and other mediators [74,[81][82][83]. In general, ulcerative colitis pouches express higher levels of inflammatory cytokines than FAP pouches [84].…”