Vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptors regulation in gestational diabetes mellitus and eclampsia

Abstract

Background An imbalance in the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptor (VEGF-R) during pregnancy plays an important role in the pathogenesis of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and eclampsia. VEGF and its receptors change during the regulation of blood vessels as a result of risk factors such as familial genetics. These modifications include loss of original balance of serological indicators, upregulation or downregulation of growth factor indicators, and changes in the placenta, kidney, liver and other organs to varying degrees of damage. This has an impact on both the pregnant woman's and the fetus's health. Main body This paper summarizes the mechanisms of unbalanced VEGF and receptor expression based on data from relevant literature on GDM and eclampsia. An Imbalance in VEGF and its binding receptor is often associated with the occurrence of multiple pregnancy disorders. In recent years, researchers have focused on the potential role of VEGF and its receptors in the development of GDM and eclampsia. Conclusion This paper summarizes the different VEGF subtypes and their binding receptors, as well as mechanisms that cause GDM and eclampsia, in order to provide valuable data to inform monitoring, diagnosis, and prognosis.

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“…The human VEGFA gene is located on chromosome 6p21.1 and encodes for the Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A (VEGF-A or VEGF, previously known as Vascular Permeability Factor, VPF), a secreted and glycosylated protein member of a family including VEGF-B, VEGF-C and VEGF-D (implicated in lymphangiogenesis regulation), the virally encoded VEGF-E, VEGF-F (snake venom VEGF), Endocrine Gland-derived VEGF (EG-VEGF) and the Placental Growth Factor (PLGF) [ 196 ]. VEGF plays a variety of different roles with key functions in regulating vasculogenesis and angiogenesis in both homeostatic and pathological contexts—promotes growth of the vascular endothelium, participates in differentiation mechanisms, increases permeability and molecule transport, supports anti-apoptotic processes and contributes to blood and lymphatic vessels development [ 196 ]. As a consequence of VEGF mRNA alternative splicing, VEGF is present in different isoforms, namely VEGF 121 (highly diffusible), VEGF 145 , VEGF 148 , VEGF 165 (the most frequently expressed isoform), VEGF 183 , VEGF 189 (extracellular matrix-bound isoform) and VEGF 206 , and each isoform exhibits a differential heparin-binding ability [ 197 ].…”

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