Vascular Distribution in Ruptured Canine Cranial Cruciate Ligament

Hayashi, Kei; Bhandal, Jitender; Rodríguez, C. O.; Kim, Sun Young; Entwistle, Rachel; Naydan, Diane K.; Kapatkin, Amy S.; Stover, Susan M.

doi:10.1111/j.1532-950x.2010.00778.x

Cited by 8 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Similar findings were observed in healthy canine cruciate ligaments evaluated using LDF (20) and a microsphere technique (21). These findings are in contrast to the greater number of vessels observed in the proximal portion of the CrCL than in the central portion using immunohistochemistry or microangiography (14,16). It appears therefore that vascularisation itself may not reflect blood flow (or at least not surface blood flow) although the reason for these apparently discrepant findings is unclear.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 70%

“…The precise aetiology of CrCL rupture remains unclear, but is generally thought to be a multifactorial process, components of which may include genetic predisposition (4)(5)(6), abnormal stifle conformation (7)(8)(9)(10), aging (11), and joint inflammation (12), as well as predisposing factors, such as obesity and inactivity (13). In addition, recent studies suggest that hypovascularisation and/or hypoxia may be involved in the pathophysiology of CrCL rupture, and that hypoxia may be involved in the cartilaginous transformation in ligaments (14,15). Histologic studies have shown the CrCL to be a hypovascular tissue in which the epiligamentous and core regions have similar vascularisation, but the middle portion of the CrCL has fewer vessels than the proximal and distal portions (14,16,17).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, recent studies suggest that hypovascularisation and/or hypoxia may be involved in the pathophysiology of CrCL rupture, and that hypoxia may be involved in the cartilaginous transformation in ligaments (14,15). Histologic studies have shown the CrCL to be a hypovascular tissue in which the epiligamentous and core regions have similar vascularisation, but the middle portion of the CrCL has fewer vessels than the proximal and distal portions (14,16,17). Perfusion to the cruciate ligaments arises predominantly from the supporting soft tissues, particularly the infrapatellar fat pad and the synovial sheath that surround the ligament (16,18,19), and vascular proliferation following partial CrCL transection or rupture has been demonstrated (14,16).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Evaluation of surface blood flow in intact and ruptured canine cruciate ligaments using laser Doppler flowmetry

Testuz

Howard

Pozzi

et al. 2016

Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol

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Objective: To evaluate the usefulness of laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) to measure surface blood flow in canine cruciate ligaments, compare measurements in different sites of intact and partially ruptured canine cranial cruciate ligaments (CrCL) and intact caudal cruciate ligaments (CaCL), and investigate any association between surface blood flow in partially ruptured CrCL and synovitis or duration of clinical signs. Study design: Case-controlled clinical study. Animals: Sixteen dogs with partially ruptured CrCL and five dogs with intact CrCL. Methods: Blood cell flux (BCF) readings during three measurement cycles using LDF at two sites in each ligament (mid-substance and the distal portion of the CrCL, and mid-substance and the proximal portion of the CaCL) were recorded. Synovial changes were graded grossly and histologically using the Osteoarthritis Research Society International histopathology scoring system. Results: The within-run coefficients of variation (CV) for a single BCF measurement cycle were 12.2% and 12.7% in the ruptured and intact CrCL groups, respectively. The between-run CV for three measurement cycles was 20.8% and 14.8%, respectively. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC, absolute agreement) was 0.66 for a single measurement cycle and 0.86 for the average of three cycles. No difference in average BCF readings was found between any two sites in either group, but BCF readings in both CrCL sites were significantly higher in the ruptured CrCL group than the intact CrCL group. No associations between BCF and synovial grades or duration of lameness were identified. Conclusions: Laser Doppler flowmetry can be used to assess surface blood flow in intact and partially ruptured canine cruciate ligaments with acceptable precision. Using this method, surface blood flow appears greater in partially ruptured canine CrCL than intact CrCL. Further studies are required to determine if this is a sequela of trauma or synovitis. Conclusions: LDF can be used to assess surface blood flow with acceptable precision. Using 22 this method, surface blood flow appears greater in partially ruptured than intact canine CrCLs. 23Further studies are required to determine if this is a sequela of trauma or synovitis.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 70%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Evaluation of surface blood flow in intact and ruptured canine cruciate ligaments using laser Doppler flowmetry

Testuz

Howard

Pozzi

et al. 2016

Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…21 The region where the CCL twists against the caudal cruciate ligament appears to be a focal area of compression in the CCL, caused by the forces of the opposing caudal cruciate ligament. 10,22 Incorporation of fibrocartilage into the CCL leads to biomechanical weakening of the ligament. Formation of fibrocartilage in the middle of the CCL is often misclassified as a degenerative change.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aetiology and pathogenesis of cranial cruciate ligament rupture in cats by histological examination

Wessely

Reese

Schnabl‐Feichter

2016

Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery

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Objectives The aim of this study was to examine histologically intact and ruptured cranial cruciate ligaments in cats, in order to evaluate whether degeneration is a prerequisite for rupture. Methods We performed a histological examination of 50 intact and 19 ruptured cranial cruciate ligaments in cadaver or client-owned cats, respectively, using light microscopy. Cats with stifle pathology were further divided into five age groups in order to investigate the relationship of changes in the ligament with lifespan. Cats with ruptured cranial cruciate ligaments were divided into two groups according to medical history (with presumed history of trauma or without any known history of trauma) in order to investigate the relationship of ligament rupture with a traumatic event. Data from 200 healthy cats were selected randomly and reviewed to make a statistical comparison of cats with and without cranial cruciate ligament rupture (reference group). Results On histological examination, the intact cranial cruciate ligaments showed basic parallel arrangement of the collagen fibres, with no relation to age. While cats of a more advanced age showed fibrocartilage in the middle of the cranial cruciate ligament - a likely physiological reaction to compression forces over the lifespan - degenerative changes within the fibrocartilage were absent in all cases, regardless of age or rupture status. Cats suffering from cranial cruciate ligament rupture without history of trauma were significantly older than cats in the reference group. Conclusions and relevance This study showed that differentiation of fibrocartilage in the middle of the cranial cruciate ligament is likely a physiological reaction to compressive forces and not a degenerative change associated with greater risk of rupture in advanced age. This finding in cats is distinct from the known decrease in differentiation of fibrocartilage in dogs with cranial cruciate ligament rupture. Furthermore, the histological examination of cats revealed no other signs of degeneration in the cranial cruciate ligaments. Thus, degeneration is likely not an aetiological factor for cranial cruciate ligament rupture in cats.

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Histology of Cruciate Ligament Rupture

Hayashi¹

2017

Advances in the Canine Cranial Cruciate Ligament

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Vascular Distribution in Ruptured Canine Cranial Cruciate Ligament

Abstract: Vascular density is increased in diseased CCL compared with intact CCL. It remains to be determined whether this finding is associated with the cause of CCL rupture or is a result of CCL degeneration and rupture.

Cited by 8 publications

References 13 publications

Evaluation of surface blood flow in intact and ruptured canine cruciate ligaments using laser Doppler flowmetry

Evaluation of surface blood flow in intact and ruptured canine cruciate ligaments using laser Doppler flowmetry

Aetiology and pathogenesis of cranial cruciate ligament rupture in cats by histological examination

Histology of Cruciate Ligament Rupture

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