Vascular diseases investigated ex vivo by using Raman, FT-IR and complementary methods

Abstract

This work shows the application of vibrational spectroscopy supported by other complementary techniques in analysis of tissues altered by vascular diseases, in particular atherosclerosis. The analysis of atherosclerotic plaque components, as well as label-free imaging of vessels and identification of biochemical markers of endothelial dysfunction are reported. Additionally, the potential of vibrational spectroscopy imaging in following the disease progression (including calcification) and pathological changes in heart valves is described. The presented research shows the effectiveness of techniques used in the biochemical studies of altered tissues and summarizes their capabilities in research on vascular diseases. The scope of the paper is to collect previously published work connected with the application of Raman spectroscopy, FT-IR spectroscopy and complementary methods for the investigation of vascular diseases ex vivo and presenting it in a comprehensive overview.

Label-free analytic histology of carotid atherosclerosis by mid-infrared optoacoustic microscopy

“…Full field of view (fFOV) MiROM images are included of Spectral peaks were assigned to vibrational modes, based on literature review of Raman and FTIR measurements of atherosclerotic tissues [14] , [19] , [20] , see Table 1 . The signal at 2850 cm −1 originates mainly from the symmetric stretching of CH 2 , which, though not exclusive of lipids, is stronger for lipids than for other biomolecules [24] . Wavelengths relating to the same class of molecules (such as 1171 cm −1 and 1735 cm −1 for CE, Fig.…”

“…The technique may prove similarly insightful in neurodegenerative diseases or cancer, where deposition of aberrant tissue leads to disease and even death. Mid-IR spectroscopic imaging studies of tissue composition in atherosclerosis have been reported previously [12] , [13] , [14] , [24] , [28] , [29] , [30] . Stimulated Raman Scattering imaged structures that could be identified as CC [31] .…”

Evaluation of Proteomic and Lipidomic Changes in Aeromonas-Infected Trout Kidney Tissue with the Use of FT-IR Spectroscopy and MALDI Mass Spectrometry Imaging

“…Therefore, monitoring pathological alterations caused by Aeromonas infection and determining disease biomarkers can provide valuable insight into the mechanisms of pathogenicity. FT-IR spectroscopy has been increasingly applied as a versatile diagnostic tool in neurodegenerative diseases [ 61 ], cardiovascular disorders [ 62 ], and cancers [ 63 ] by analyzing biofluids, tissues, or cells, which is confirmed in many biological and biomedical studies [ 64 ]. Its ability to detect changes in the morphology and chemical composition of intact cells contributed to its utility in discrimination between diseased and normal biological samples [ 44 ].…”

Toward Raman Subcellular Imaging of Endothelial Dysfunction

“…27 Raman spectroscopy also revealed that the tyrosine (Tyr) to phenylalanine (Phe) ratio was changed in ED in atherosclerosis. 28 Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) is a key regulator of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), and therefore, limitation of BH4 availability triggers ED and is reflected by changes in the synthesis of Tyr from Phe that depend on the presence of BH4 as a cofactor of phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH). 29 Accordingly, alterations in the Tyr to Phe ratio may indicate ED.…”