Vascular development: from precursor cells to branched arterial and venous networks

Eichmann, Anne; Li, Yuan; Moyon, Delphine; LeNoble, Ferdinand; Pardanaud, Luc; Bréant, Christiane

doi:10.1387/ijdb.041941ae

Cited by 141 publications

(117 citation statements)

References 72 publications

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“…1 In this stage, the angioblasts initially form small cell clusters (blood islands) within the embryonic and extraembryonic mesoderm. 2 Formation of the neural tube begins early in the fourth week (days [22][23] with closure of the rostral and caudal neuropore during days [25][26][27], which coincides with the establishment of the intrinsic blood vascular circulation within the spinal cord. 3 Two longitudinal collector systems form in the subarachnoid space at the dorsal and ventral surface of the cord, later joining the epidural space laterally through numerous bridging or radicular veins.…”

Section: Embryology and Anatomy Of The Spinal Vasculaturementioning

confidence: 99%

Spinal Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas

Krings¹,

Geibprasert²

2009

AJNR Am J Neuroradiol

369

376

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SUMMARY:Spinal dural arteriovenous (AV) fistulas are the most commonly encountered vascular malformation of the spinal cord and a treatable cause for progressive para-or tetraplegia. They most commonly affect elderly men and are classically found in the thoracolumbar region. The AV shunt is located inside the dura mater close to the spinal nerve root where the arterial blood from a radiculomeningeal artery enters a radicular vein. The increase in spinal venous pressure leads to decreased drainage of normal spinal veins, venous congestion, and the clinical findings of progressive myelopathy. On MR imaging, the combination of cord edema, perimedullary dilated vessels, and cord enhancement is characteristic. Therapy has to be aimed at occluding the shunting zone, either by superselective embolization with a liquid embolic agent or by a neurosurgical approach. Following occlusion of the fistula, the progression of the disease can be stopped and improvement of symptoms is typically observed. Despite being the most commonly encountered spinal vascular malformation, spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas (SDAVFs) are rare and still underdiagnosed entities, which, if not treated properly, can lead to considerable morbidity with progressive spinal cord symptoms. Because presenting clinical symptoms are unspecific, the neuroradiologist is often the first clinician to raise the possibility of this diagnosis, which initially rests mainly on MR imaging. For a thorough understanding of the disease and for planning the therapeutic strategy, however, selective spinal digital subtraction angiography (DSA) still is necessary. The aim of the following article is to review the epidemiology, etiology, clinical and imaging features, and therapeutic approaches of this type of spinal vascular malformation. Because an understanding of spinal vascular malformations both from an etiologic and pathophysiologic standpoint is based on the spinal vascular anatomy, we will start by briefly describing the salient features of the spine and spinal cord arterial supply and venous drainage followed by a classification of spinal vascular malformations in general and a classification of dural arteriovenous (AV) shunts in particular. Embryology and Anatomy of the Spinal VasculatureDevelopment of the neural plate starts during the third gestational week and is derived from the embryologic ectoderm. This process is induced by the underlying notochord and adjacent mesoderm, which regulate the development of the surrounding structures, including the nerves, blood vessels, and somites.1 In this stage, the angioblasts initially form small cell clusters (blood islands) within the embryonic and extraembryonic mesoderm.2 Formation of the neural tube begins early in the fourth week (days 22-23) with closure of the rostral and caudal neuropore during days 25-27, which coincides with the establishment of the intrinsic blood vascular circulation within the spinal cord.3 Two longitudinal collector systems form in the subarachnoid space at the dorsal and ventral surfac...

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Section: Embryology and Anatomy Of The Spinal Vasculaturementioning

confidence: 99%

Spinal Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas

Krings¹,

Geibprasert²

2009

AJNR Am J Neuroradiol

369

376

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“…From E2 to E5, yolk sac vasculature undergoes at least two phases of remodeling. Hemodynamic changes initiated by heart pulsation remodels early vascular plexus into arterial and venous trees between E2 and E3, followed by the remodeling from two-dimensional apposing arterial/venous trees to a three-dimensional paired arterial/venous network between E3 and E5 (Eichmann et al, 2005;Gonzalez-Crussi, 1971;le Noble et al, 2004;Nagai and Sheng, 2008;Van Mierop and Bertuch, 1967) (Fig. 4).…”

Section: Sources Of Early Definitive Erythrocytesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Primitive and definitive erythropoiesis in the yolk sac: a birds eye view

Sheng¹

2010

Int. J. Dev. Biol.

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The yolk sac is the sole niche and source of cells for primitive erythropoiesis from E1 to E5 of chicken development. It is also the main niche and source of cells for early definitive erythropoiesis from E5 to E12. A transition occurs during late embryonic development, after which the bone marrow becomes the major niche and intraembryonically-derived cells the major source. How the yolk sac is involved in these three phases of erythropoiesis is discussed in this review. Prior to the establishment of circulation at E2, specification of primitive erythrocytes is discussed in relation to that of two other cell types formed in the extraembryonic mesoderm, namely the smooth muscle and endothelial cells. Concepts of blood island, hemangioblast and hemogenic endothelium are also discussed. It is concluded that the chick embryo remains a powerful model for studying developmental hematopoiesis and erythropoiesis.

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“…NRP1 is expressed in arterial EC whereas NRP2 is expressed in vein and lymphatic EC. [15][16][17][18] Mouse knockout studies have been invaluable in determining the role of NRPs in blood vessel development. A number of animal models have been used to delineate NRP function in angiogenesis.…”

Section: Neuropilins and Angiogenesismentioning

confidence: 99%