Vascular and Neuronal Ischemic Damage in Cryonics Patients

Best, Benjamin P.

doi:10.1089/rej.2011.1272

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…The damage is not to produced by the vessels themselves, but the blood vessels must be in good condition to transport the cryoprotective vitrification solution to the brain. If this were to fail, ice would form in the brain, which some scientists do not consider to be a major problem since nanotechnology could reconstruct it in the future [8].…”

Section: A Word On Ischemiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Cryonics, a Comprehensive Approach. The use of Higher Temperatures and its Viability

2024

PSSRP

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Many papers study cryonics, its feasibility and effectiveness as the only currently available method for preserving life beyond the declaration of clinical death. The estimated resuscitation times of each patient and how this affects the selection of the appropriate temperature for cryopreservation is introduced. The analysis of enzymatic reaction times proves that it is not necessary to cryopreserve at -196°C but at a higher temperatures, This is the main contribution of this work.The scope of the analysis covers the use of which substances, cryoprotectants, as well as inhibitors, should be used as well as the enzyme reaction times that take place at different temperatures.Not only the technical details are analyzed, but also the legal perspective. Cryopreserved subjects are considered "patients" and not lifeless bodies. It is explained why this is necessary and why it should be communicated at a social level through state policies, as well as the absolute necessity to apply an immediate legal and juridical modification that allows starting the procedures without delay before the metabolic arrest of the patient, and why the World Health Organization already guarantees this in its constitution.The aim of this paper is to confirm the cryonics method as a current solution to pause biological time and give the patient a chance, which by right, to preserve his or her life.

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Section: A Word On Ischemiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Cryonics, a Comprehensive Approach. The use of Higher Temperatures and its Viability

2024

PSSRP

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“…(3) Legally dead does not necessarily imply irreversibly dead in all cases, but only in cases of patients declared dead according to the brain-death criteria. In other cases, the dying process is fairly drawn-out, with tissue breakdown occurring on timescales of hours to days (Best 2012). ( 4) Damage due to the lowtemperature preservation and clinical death that is not reversible today is theoretically reversible in the future.…”

Section: Cryonics Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Temperatures are then gradually lowered until the body reaches a storage temperature of -196°C. At this point, nearly indefinite storage in liquid nitrogen with no change is possible (Best 2008, Best 2012.…”

Section: Cryonics Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Euthanasia and cryothanasia

Minerva¹,

Sandberg²

2017

Bioethics

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In this article we discuss the moral and legal aspects of causing the death of a terminal patient in the hope of extending their life in the future. We call this theoretical procedure cryothanasia. We argue that administering cryothanasia is ethically different from administering euthanasia. Consequently, objections to euthanasia should not apply to cryothanasia, and cryothanasia could also be considered a legal option where euthanasia is illegal.

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“…The gas content in cryopreserved material is limited by the gas solubility in a tissue containing fluid. 1 , 2 The solubility of gases increases with both the gas pressure increase and temperature decrease. 3 When the fluid converts to a solid material, the dissolved gases, which are too large to fit into the lattice of ice, migrate from the solution and are redistributed at the solid–water interface.…”

Section: Gases Dissolved In Fluidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dissolved Gases and Ice Fracturing During the Freezing of a Multicellular Organism: Lessons from Tardigrades

Kletetschka

Hruba

2015

BioResearch Open Access

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Three issues are critical for successful cryopreservation of multicellular material: gases dissolved in liquid, thermal conductivity of the tissue, and localization of microstructures. Here we show that heat distribution is controlled by the gas amount dissolved in liquids and that when changing the liquid into solid, the dissolved gases either form bubbles due to the absence of space in the lattice of solids and/or are migrated toward the concentrated salt and sugar solution at the cost of amount of heat required to be removed to complete a solid-state transition. These factors affect the heat distribution in the organs to be cryopreserved. We show that the gas concentration issue controls fracturing of ice when freezing. There are volumetric changes not only when changing the liquid into solid (volume increases) but also reduction of the volume when reaching lower temperatures (volume decreases). We discuss these issues parallel with observations of the cryosurvivability of multicellular organisms, tardigrades, and discuss their analogy for cryopreservation of large organs.

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Vascular and Neuronal Ischemic Damage in Cryonics Patients

Cited by 6 publications

References 69 publications

Cryonics, a Comprehensive Approach. The use of Higher Temperatures and its Viability

Cryonics, a Comprehensive Approach. The use of Higher Temperatures and its Viability

Euthanasia and cryothanasia

Dissolved Gases and Ice Fracturing During the Freezing of a Multicellular Organism: Lessons from Tardigrades

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