2017
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-021014-071635
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Vascular and Immunobiology of the Circulatory Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Gradient

Abstract: Vertebrates are endowed with a closed circulatory system, the evolution of which required novel structural and regulatory changes. Furthermore, immune cell trafficking paradigms adapted to the barriers imposed by the closed circulatory system. How did such changes occur mechanistically? We propose that spatial compartmentalization of the lipid mediator sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) may be one such mechanism. In vertebrates, S1P is spatially compartmentalized in the blood and lymphatic circulation, thus compris… Show more

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Cited by 92 publications
(87 citation statements)
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“…High levels (∼1 μM) of S1P are found in blood, and more than half of plasma S1P is associated with high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (44). Importantly, lower plasma concentrations of HDL were reported to be associated with dementia (45).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
See 1 more Smart Citation
“…High levels (∼1 μM) of S1P are found in blood, and more than half of plasma S1P is associated with high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (44). Importantly, lower plasma concentrations of HDL were reported to be associated with dementia (45).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In addition, S1P 1 activity may also be regulated from the abluminal side by circulating S1P. In the lymphoid organs, multiple perivascular cellular components maintain local perivascular S1P gradients, which are important for immune cell trafficking (44). Recent studies suggest the highly dynamic nature of BBB during the sleep-awake cycle (48).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…S1P can signal in two distinct ways, either through binding to one of five S1P-specific G-protein coupled receptors, or as an intracellular second messenger, although the latter is not a well understood mechanism. S1P and its producing enzymes have been implicated in a host of biological and pathophysiological roles, including cancer biology, inflammation, immune responses, vascular biology, and many others [1][2][3][4][5].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Altogether, these observations demonstrate that identifying novel actors in the maintenance of vascular integrity remains a crucial challenge to restore heart function. In particular, the lipid mediator sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) has recently emerged as a potent mediator of vascular integrity (9,10). In addition, the bioactive peptide apelin is a critical player in both lymphangiogenesis and angiogenesis (11)(12)(13).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%