Vascular Adhesion Protein-1 (VAP-1)/Semicarbazide-Sensitive Amine Oxidase (SSAO): A Potential Therapeutic Target for Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Diseases

Abstract

Vascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1) is a semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO), whose enzymatic activity regulates the adhesion/exudation of leukocytes in/from blood vessels. Due to its abundant expressions in vascular systems and prominent roles in inflammations, increasing attentions have been paid to the roles of VAP-1/SSAO in atherosclerosis, a chronic vascular inflammation that eventually drives clinical cardiovascular events. Clinical studies have demonstrated a potential value of soluble VAP-1 (sVAP-1) for the diagnosis and prognosis of cardiovascular diseases. Recent findings revealed that VAP-1 is expressed in atherosclerotic plaques and treatment with VAP-1 inhibitors alleviates the progression of atherosclerosis. This review will focus on the roles of VAP-1/SSAO in the progression of atherosclerotic lesions and therapeutic potentials of VAP-1 inhibitors for cardiovascular diseases.

Involvement of Cu-containing amine oxidases in the development of lung pathology in ovalbumin-induced bronchial asthma in guinea pigs

“…Under conditions of severe oxidative stress in BA, activation of MAPK and NF-κB leads to the increased production of inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and adhesion molecules, including SSAO/VAP-1 [6,26]. In the plasma of asthmatic animals, we also observed a significant increase in SSAO activity, which is consistent with published data.…”

β-N-Methylamino-L-Alanine (BMAA) Modulates the Sympathetic Regulation and Homeostasis of Polyamines

“…It is very probable that the cell surface form of SSAO, the vascular adhesion protein 1 (VAP-1), which is a protein highly expressed in vasculature especially on the surface of endothelial and smooth muscle cells [ 39 ], will be more sensitive to BMAA in comparison to intracellular diamine oxidases, because for VAP-1 the cell membrane is not a barrier for the penetration of the toxin. The enzymatic activity of VAP-1 plays an important role in the adhesion and exudation of leukocytes from or in blood vessels [ 40 ]. Additionally, the soluble form of VAP-1 (sVAP-1), which is released in blood plasma by proteolytic cleavage of VAP-1 [ 41 ], can also be influenced.…”

Systematic Review: Targeted Molecular Imaging of Angiogenesis and Its Mediators in Rheumatoid Arthritis

“…These unique features distinguish VAP-1 from other conventional adhesion molecules. Attempts have been made to elucidate the role of VAP-1 in the pathogenesis of arthritis in vivo, and for this purpose, several SSAO inhibitors of different classes have been developed and applied as potential therapeutic agents for both experimental and clinical use in arthritis [147][148][149][150][151][152]. However, it is still unclear whether the proangiogenic functions of VAP-1 merely rely on its ability to recruit VEGF-producing myeloid cells in different settings, or whether endothelial SSAO activity directly promotes neo-angiogenesis [146,151].…”