Various in vitro effects of continuous and modulated ultrasound on blood cells of different animal species

The effect of ultrasound treatment in combination with nisin on the inactivation of Listeria innocua and Escherichia coli

“…Empty cell envelopes of E. coli following sonication at 500 kHz (applied power 12.4 W), were also observed by Koda et al [8] and the mechanism of inactivation attributed to damage to the cell membrane following radical attack [8] . Further studies also report the presence of ghost cells following ultrasound on a range of biological samples including E. coli , L. innocua , S. aureus, blood cells, and yeast [6] , [46] , [90] , [95] , [96] , [97] . Many other studies also show evidence of cell breakage and debris following ultrasound treatment at a range of frequencies, further lending to the theory that inactivation by ultrasound involves the disruption of the cell membrane through various mechanisms such as pore formation, mechanical disruption by pressure shock waves, jetting and shear effects [6] , [46] , [55] , [98] , [99] , [100] , [101] .…”