“…(1) Being disunited in the sense of sending ambiguous, tailored, or even inconsistent messages can be electorally advantageous (e.g., Downs, 1957;Page, 1976;Tomz and Van Houweling, 2008;Rovny, 2012;Somer-Topcu, 2015;Lo et al, 2016;Bräuninger and Giger, 2018), particularly if parties are not too obvious in catering simultaneously to different audiences (Sjöblom, 1968: 86;cf. Snyder and Ting, 2002;Martin, 2019;Tromborg, 2021) or engaging in outright flip-flopping (Nasr, 2023;Nyhuis and Stoetzer, 2021). The phenomenon of party leaders deliberately staging or highlighting intra-party heterogeneity to simultaneously appeal to different electoral constituencies is known as the broad-appeal strategy (Somer-Topcu, 2015).…”