Varicella Zoster Virus in the Nervous System

Gilden, Don; Nagel, Maria A.; Cohrs, Randall J.; Mahalingam, Ravi; Baird, Nicholas L.

doi:10.12688/f1000research.7153.1

Cited by 53 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 68 publications

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“…10 With the exception of the herpesviruses, most viral causes have no specific treatment. For HSV and VZV encephalitis, guidelines regarding acyclovir duration and corticosteroids vary, [57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64] as does advice regarding antivirals for CMV or HHV-6 encephalitis. 10 Antivirals are not recommended for EBV encephalitis.…”

Section: Directed Management Of Encephalitis With An Identified Aetiomentioning

confidence: 99%

Consensus guidelines for the investigation and management of encephalitis in adults and children in Australia and New Zealand

Britton

Eastwood

Paterson

et al. 2015

Internal Medicine Journal

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Encephalitis is a complex neurological syndrome caused by inflammation of the brain parenchyma. The management of encephalitis is challenging because: the differential diagnosis of encephalopathy is broad; there is often rapid disease progression; it often requires intensive supportive management; and there are many aetiologic agents for which there is no definitive treatment. Patients with possible meningoencephalitis are often encountered in the emergency care environment where clinicians must consider differential diagnoses, perform appropriate investigations and initiate empiric antimicrobials. For patients who require admission to hospital and in whom encephalitis is likely, a staged approach to investigation and management is preferred with the potential involvement of multiple medical specialties. Key considerations in the investigation and management of patients with encephalitis addressed in this guideline include: Which first-line investigations should be performed?; Which aetiologies should be considered possible based on clinical features, risk factors and radiological features?; What tests should be arranged in order to diagnose the common causes of encephalitis?; When to consider empiric antimicrobials and immune modulatory therapies?; and What is the role of brain biopsy?

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Section: Directed Management Of Encephalitis With An Identified Aetiomentioning

confidence: 99%

Consensus guidelines for the investigation and management of encephalitis in adults and children in Australia and New Zealand

Britton

Eastwood

Paterson

et al. 2015

Internal Medicine Journal

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“…Reactivation of varicella zoster virus (VZV) can manifest as a variety of central nervous system (CNS) syndromes with a risk of serious and even fatal complications (Gilden, 2004). Facial nerve palsy caused by reactivation of VZV from the geniculate ganglion (Wackym, 1997), is commonly accompanied by a typical vesicular rash in the ipsilateral ear, and is named Ramsay Hunt syndrome (RHS).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cerebrospinal fluid viral load and biomarkers of neuronal and glial cells in Ramsay Hunt syndrome

Lindström

Grahn

Zetterberg

et al. 2016

Eur J of Neuroscience

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“…The second human alpha herpesvirus is varicellazoster virus, the etiological agent of chickenpox and the reactivation disease known as shingles (Gilden et al 2015). Sumoylation in this member of the alpha subgroup has not been extensively studied, and there are only two reports concerning sumoylation and this virus.…”

Section: Varicella-zoster Virusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Viral Interplay with the Host Sumoylation System

Wilson

2017

SUMO Regulation of Cellular Processes

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Viruses have evolved elaborate means to regulate diverse cellular pathways in order to create a cellular environment that facilitates viral survival and reproduction. This includes enhancing viral macromolecular synthesis and assembly, as well as preventing antiviral responses, including intrinsic, innate, and adaptive immunity. There are numerous mechanisms by which viruses mediate their effects on the host cell, and this includes targeting various cellular post-translational modification systems, including sumoylation. The wide-ranging impact of sumoylation on cellular processes such as transcriptional regulation, apoptosis, stress response, and cell cycle control makes it an attractive target for viral dysregulation. To date, proteins from both RNA and DNA virus families have been shown to be modified by SUMO conjugation, and this modification appears critical for viral protein function. More interestingly, members of the several viral families have been shown to modulate sumoylation, including papillomaviruses, adenoviruses , herpesviruses, orthomyxoviruses, filoviruses , and picornaviruses . This chapter will focus on mechanisms by which sumoylation both impacts human viruses and is used by viruses to promote viral infection and disease.

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Varicella Zoster Virus in the Nervous System

Cited by 53 publications

References 68 publications

Consensus guidelines for the investigation and management of encephalitis in adults and children in Australia and New Zealand

Consensus guidelines for the investigation and management of encephalitis in adults and children in Australia and New Zealand

Cerebrospinal fluid viral load and biomarkers of neuronal and glial cells in Ramsay Hunt syndrome

Viral Interplay with the Host Sumoylation System

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