Variations of fuel composition during storage at Liquefied Natural Gas refuelling stations

Arrhenius, Karine; Karlsson, Anders; Hakonen, Aron; Ohlson, Lars; Yaghooby, Haleh; Büker, Oliver

doi:10.1016/j.jngse.2017.11.014

Cited by 7 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…However as the tank of a refueling station is refilled before the tank is completely empty and also due to effects of ageing in the tank, there is a need to use on-site sampler to take samples for determination of the composition and determination of the particles content to verify quality that the fuel complies with the quality requirements and ensure consumer safety (9)(10)(11). In particular, the LNG fuel quality may be compromised by destructive particles for engines which causes premature wear and potentially engine failures (9,12).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One difficulty to overcome was the risk of pre-evaporation/bubble formation due to ambient heat transfer, which would fractionate the sample and change the composition (methane and nitrogen are enriched in gas bubbles compared to the liquid phase, relative to ethane, propane, butane etc.). By thorough insulation of the "cold side" of the vaporizer and optimization of flows, repeatability was achieved and less than 5% relative standard deviation observed for methane, ethane and propane concentration (10), which would also indicate a fit for purpose measurement uncertainty (trueness could not be tested as LNG standards were unavailable). However, it took a long time (>2h)…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Utilization of a Portable Sampler for Liquefied Natural Gas Composition and Particles at Refueling Stations

Hakonen

Karlsson²,

Borchardt³

et al. 2020

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LNG and LBG are environmentally beneficial when used for long-distance road transport. Their use may be the most feasible alternative for a rapid conversion of heavy-duty transports towards a sustainable society and the goals of Agenda 2030. However, the roll-out of LNG and LBG as transport fuels requires reliable determination of their composition and physical properties in order to secure the quality and emission levels. As learned from current state-of-art, it is highly challenging to take a representative sample of LNG/LBG for subsequent analysis in a laboratory. This requires the proper vaporization of the fuel while avoiding partial vaporization and loss of fuel constituents and particles. The goal was to construct and test a sampler that would be compact and transportable for the simultaneous sampling of gas and solid particles at a commercial refueling station. Close to theoretical LNG pipeline temperature (-160 oC) was achieved in the measurement system in about 10 min, leading to minimal pre-vaporization and potential for fast, true and repeatable measurements. During the final test particles were quantified to 0.2 mg/Nm3 gas, with major number of particles being metal, metal oxide and silica. The gas composition measurements demonstrated a repeatability, defined as %RSD, of 0.3 % for main component methane (99.0 %), 2.0 % for ethane (615 ppm) and pooled standard deviation for all measurable components were below 1.0 %.

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