Variations in Use of Meta Tag Keywords by Web Pages in Different Languages

Craven, Timothy C.

doi:10.1177/0165551504042805

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 20 publications

(24 reference statements)

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“…A starting list is the ASCII printable characters, 9 which consist of a white space, punctuation, uppercase English letters, lowercase English letters, and the numbers 0-9. Note that different languages have different space characters (e.g., Chinese vs. English) (Craven 2004). In Python, the code from string import punctuation provides a string of commonly used punctuation symbols, including the open and close brackets.…”

Section: Removing Punctuationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of text preprocessing methods

Chai

2022

Nat. Lang. Eng.

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Text preprocessing is not only an essential step to prepare the corpus for modeling but also a key area that directly affects the natural language processing (NLP) application results. For instance, precise tokenization increases the accuracy of part-of-speech (POS) tagging, and retaining multiword expressions improves reasoning and machine translation. The text corpus needs to be appropriately preprocessed before it is ready to serve as the input to computer models. The preprocessing requirements depend on both the nature of the corpus and the NLP application itself, that is, what researchers would like to achieve from analyzing the data. Conventional text preprocessing practices generally suffice, but there exist situations where the text preprocessing needs to be customized for better analysis results. Hence, we discuss the pros and cons of several common text preprocessing methods: removing formatting, tokenization, text normalization, handling punctuation, removing stopwords, stemming and lemmatization, n-gramming, and identifying multiword expressions. Then, we provide examples of text datasets which require special preprocessing and how previous researchers handled the challenge. We expect this article to be a starting guideline on how to select and fine-tune text preprocessing methods.

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Section: Removing Punctuationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of text preprocessing methods

Chai

2022

Nat. Lang. Eng.

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“…The authors suggest that the use of the keywords attribute substantially improves accessibility while the use of the description attribute alone does not. Craven [36,37] analyze the variations in use of both keywords [37] and description [36] meta tags by Web pages in different languages. Zhang and Jastram [38] reveal that the "keywords" and "description" were the most popular single metadata elements used in the Web.…”

Section: Meta Tagsmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the Usefulness of HTML Meta Elements for Web Retrieval

Arslan

2020

Eskişehir Technical University Journal of Science and Technology a - Applied Sciences and Engineering

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Web retrieval studies have mostly used URL, title, body, and anchor text fields to represent Web documents. On the other hand, HTML standards provide a rich set of elements to define different parts of a Web page. For example, meta elements are used to provide structured metadata about a Web page not to end users, but instead to browsers or crawlers. However, it is unclear whether meta tags are or are not useful for Web retrieval, as most of the previous studies leveraged URL, title, body, and anchor text fields. In this work, we examine the usefulness of two meta tags, namely keywords and description, based on ad-hoc tasks of previous TREC studies. Through experiments on the standard TREC Web datasets and several query sets, our results using the state-of-the-art term-weighting models show that the utilization of description field systematically increases the retrieval effectiveness, to a statistically significant degree most of the time. By contrast, the employment of keywords field may cause a significant deterioration in retrieval effectiveness for certain term-weighting models.

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“…This means that half the author keywords given to papers appear either as they are or in the same form as the descriptors through normalization, and it also suggests the possibility that author keywords can be used as a controlled vocabulary. There is also research on author keywords used by authors or editors (Gbur and Trumbo 1995;Hartley and Kostoff 2003) or on their characteristics as meta-tags (Alimohammadi 2003;Craven 2004). Prior research conducted in relation to author keywords commonly emphasized their importance in research papers and addressed their usability.…”

Section: Author Abstractmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristics of interdisciplinary research in author keywords appearing in Korean journals

Kwon

2018

MJLIS

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Keywords for academic papers are terms selected and created by the authors, and are, in general, considered a core element that summarizes and represents the papers' content. This research analysed the ways in which the author keywords for academic papers are used in multiple disciplines. The Brillouin index was used for an analysis of interdisciplinarity. As a result, 63.7 percent of the keywords were shown to appear in only one area of study. These cannot be considered keywords with interdisciplinarity, but rather with topic specificity. In addition, the interdisciplinarity degree of 80 percent of the keywords were low, between 0 and 0.499. This indicates that the majority of author keywords for academic papers do not show interdisciplinarity. Meanwhile, certain author keywords had a fairly high interdisciplinarity degree. In this case, they can be seen as topics that are researched in multiple disciplines. It was revealed that the interdisciplinarity degree of author keywords in art/physical education are lower than in the humanities or social sciences. This suggests that the interdisciplinarity of author keywords is lower in art/physical education than in the humanities or social sciences.

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Variations in Use of Meta Tag Keywords by Web Pages in Different Languages

Cited by 7 publications

References 20 publications

Comparison of text preprocessing methods

Comparison of text preprocessing methods

On the Usefulness of HTML Meta Elements for Web Retrieval

Characteristics of interdisciplinary research in author keywords appearing in Korean journals

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