Variations in Unconditioned Stimulus Processing in Unblocking.

Holland, Peter C.; Kenmuir, Cynthia L.

doi:10.1037/0097-7403.31.2.155

Cited by 33 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…Taken together, the results reveal that over-selectivity was attenuated in the group receiving the largest reduction in point value (10-Down) and therefore replicates the effect of a downward shift in reinforcer value on blocking procedures (e.g., Dickinson et al, 1976;Holland, 1984;Holland & Kenmuir, 2005;Mackintosh & Turner, 1971;Mackintosh et al, 1977). Additionally, group 1-Control demonstrated that this result was not due to receiving 1 point as a reinforcer.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 70%

“…Findings revealed that the rats acquired excitatory learning about the added auditory stimulus. Holland and Kenmuir (2005) replicated and extended the findings of Holland and Gallagher (1993), exploring the influence of downward shifts in reinforcer value in appetitive unblocking procedures by excluding the second of a two-reinforcer sequence in rats. They showed that omitting the second reinforcer in normal rats resulted in improved processing of the initial reinforcer.…”

supporting

confidence: 60%

“…Blocking refers to the process whereby prior conditioning of one element (A) prevents subsequent conditioning of another element (X) when presented in a compound consisting of both elements (AX; Kamin, 1969). However, if a 'surprising' reinforcer is introduced at the beginning of the compound training, this results in substantial learning about the added element (see e.g., Dickinson et al, 1976;Holland, 1984;Holland & Kenmuir, 2005;Mackintosh, Bygrave, & Picton, 1977;Mackintosh & Turner, 1971). It is thought that such manipulations restore attention to the stimuli and hence their associability.…”

mentioning

confidence: 98%

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Effect of a surprising downward shift in reinforcer value on stimulus over-selectivity in a simultaneous discrimination procedure

Reynolds

Reed

2013

Learning and Motivation

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 70%

supporting

confidence: 60%

mentioning

confidence: 98%

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Effect of a surprising downward shift in reinforcer value on stimulus over-selectivity in a simultaneous discrimination procedure

Reynolds

Reed

2013

Learning and Motivation

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“…Dopamine neurons have not been recorded in such situations, but behavioral experiments offer some clues. Animals can readily learn that a stimulus predicts multiple reinforcers; in classical conditioning, this has been repeatedly, though indirectly, demonstrated by showing that adding or removing reinforcers to a sequence has effects on learning (upward and downward unblocking; Holland & Kenmuir, 2005;Holland, 1988;Dickinson & Mackintosh, 1979;Dickinson, Hall, & Mackintosh, 1976). No such learning would be possible in the tapped delay line model if the first reward reset the representation.…”

Section: Behavioral Datamentioning

confidence: 93%

Representation and Timing in Theories of the Dopamine System

2006

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Although the responses of dopamine neurons in the primate midbrain are well characterized as carrying a temporal difference (TD) error signal for reward prediction, existing theories do not offer a credible account of how the brain keeps track of past sensory events that may be relevant to predicting future reward. Empirically, these shortcomings of previous theories are particularly evident in their account of experiments in which animals were exposed to variation in the timing of events. The original theories mispredicted the results of such experiments due to their use of a representational device called a tapped delay line. Here we propose that a richer understanding of history representation and a better account of these experiments can be given by considering TD algorithms for a formal setting that incorporates two features not originally considered in theories of the dopaminergic response: partial observability (a distinction between the animal's sensory experience and the true underlying state of the world) and semi-Markov dynamics (an explicit account of variation in the intervals between events). The new theory situates the dopaminergic system in a richer functional and anatomical context, since it assumes (in accord with recent computational theories of cortex) that problems of partial observability and stimulus history are solved in sensory cortex using statistical modeling and inference and that the TD system predicts reward using the results of this inference rather than raw sensory data. It also accounts for a range of experimental data, including the experiments involving programmed temporal variability and other previously unmodeled dopaminergic response phenomena, which we suggest are related to subjective noise in animals' interval timing. Finally, it offers new experimental predictions and a rich theoretical framework for designing future experiments.

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“…Both US 1 and US2 could be delivered on the same trial. This procedure, in which the delivery of a single food pellet serves as US 1 and the delivery of a pair of food pellets serves as US2, replicates the procedure employed in other successful demonstrations of unblocking in appetitive Pavlovian conditioning (e.g., Holland, 1984;Holland & Kenmuir, 2005). An infrared beam was sent fi'om one lateral side of the magazine to the other, and each interruption of this beam could be recorded as magazine activity.…”

Section: ]Viethodmentioning

confidence: 89%

Enhanced unblocking from sustained post-trial surprise.

Haselgrove¹,

Tam²,

Jones³

2013

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes

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Two appetitive conditioning experiments with rats investigated the mechanisms and properties of unblocking that results from the surprising omission of an expected post-trial unconditioned stimulus (US). Experiment 1 demonstrated unblocking under circumstances in which differences in the contribution of generalization decrement and within-compound associations are equated across experimental and control groups. Following Stage 1 training in which a conditioned stimulus (CS) A was followed by a US and a post-trial US, in Experiment 2 we arranged for the post-trial US to be present on some trials with AX but not others. Under these circumstances an enhancement of unblocking to X was observed, relative to a group who received standard unblocking by US omission. The implications of these results for attentional and US-processing theories of associative learning are discussed.

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Variations in Unconditioned Stimulus Processing in Unblocking.

Cited by 33 publications

References 50 publications

Effect of a surprising downward shift in reinforcer value on stimulus over-selectivity in a simultaneous discrimination procedure

Effect of a surprising downward shift in reinforcer value on stimulus over-selectivity in a simultaneous discrimination procedure

Representation and Timing in Theories of the Dopamine System

Enhanced unblocking from sustained post-trial surprise.

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