Variations in the normal anatomy of the inferior dental (mandibular) canal: A retrospective study of panoramic radiographs from 3612 routine dental patients

Cj, Nortjé; Farman, Allan G.; Grotepass, F.W.

doi:10.1016/0007-117x(77)90008-7

Cited by 203 publications

(225 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Mandibular canal, bilaterally, in I, II and III Angle classes on panoramic radiographs were classified according to Nortjé et al (1977):…”

Section: Determination Of the Angle Classesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among the many factors that can change the position of the mandibular canal, is the type of occlusion of the individual (Díaz Torres et al, 1990). Nortjé et al (1977) evaluated the bilateral mandibular canals in 3612 panoramic radiographs and found three distinct types of mandibular canal according to its position relative to the mandibular base, and the apices of the canals of lower molars. Liu et al (2009) evaluated the shape and location of the mandibular canal, bilaterally, in 386 panoramic radiographs of Chinese individuals and observed that the mandibular canal showed the following shapes: linear curve (12.75%), spoon (29.25%), curve -elliptic arch (48.5%), and rotation curve (9.5%).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Relations Between the Mandibular Canal and I, II and III Angle Classes in Panoramic Radiographs

et al. 2014

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Relations between the mandibular canal and I, II and III Angle Classes in panoramic radiographs. Int. J. Morphol., 32(2):449-454, 2014. SUMMARY:To prevent injury to the inferior alveolar nerve during dental procedures, knowledge of its anatomical location and course of the mandibular canal is imperative. The aim of this study was evaluate the location on panoramic radiographs of the mandibular canal in relation to the apices of the permanent mandibular molars and base mandible, and relate the type of mandibular canal with Angle classes I, II and III. We evaluated 748 panoramic radiographs distributed according to sex and occlusal class (Angle I, II and III) of fully dentate individuals, 18-51 age group. The radiographs were divided according to Angle classes based on cephalometric tracing, clinical data from the medical records of each individual and the analysis of of the maxillar and mandibular dental arches models. The same individuals had the mandibular canal bilaterally assessed, and classified according to their location relative to the root apices of the mandibular molars and mandible base. Measurements of the distance from the mandibular canal to the apices of the teeth and mandible base were made on the Software ImageLab2000®. The intra-observer reproducibility of measurements on radiographs was assessed using the coefficient of variation (p<0.0001). Data were submitted to Kruskal-Wallis test, on software BioEstat 5.0. There were statistically significant differences (Kruskal-Wallis test, p <0.0001) between the occlusal classes, with the type of mandibular canal. A larger number of canals types 2 and 3 in class III individuals than in others. In conclusion, the location of the mandibular canal presents morphological changes in relation to the apices of the permanent molars, and the mandibular base according to the Angle classes I, II and III.

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“…Mandibular canal, bilaterally, in I, II and III Angle classes on panoramic radiographs were classified according to Nortjé et al (1977):…”

Section: Determination Of the Angle Classesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relations Between the Mandibular Canal and I, II and III Angle Classes in Panoramic Radiographs

et al. 2014

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“…There are various classifications for bifid mandibular canals proposed by different authors such as Langlais et al, [5] Nortjé et al, [8] and Naitoh et al [14] In the present study, Langlais et al, classification was utilized to designate the type of bifid mandibular canal since it was the most cited classification system in the literature.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Initially, published studies by Lara et al, [1] Langlais et al, [5] Nortjé et al, [8] Sanchis et al, [9] and Singh et al [10] using panoramic radiograph on bifid mandibular canal reported the prevalence of 5%, 1%, 1%, 0.35%, and 4.3%, respectively. Recent studies employed CBCT images where Rashsuren et al, [11] Yang et al, [12] and Orhan et al [13] found the prevalence as high as 22.6%, 31.1%, and 46.5%, respectively, compared to the prevalence of 5.63% found in the present study using CBCT images.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of bifid mandibular canal and its relationship with third molar in Indian population: A retrospective analysis

Singh¹,

Vineeth²,

Prasad³

et al. 2018

JCRI

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Purpose:The location, configuration, and variations of mandibular canal such as bifid/ trifid/double mandibular canals play a significant role in performing surgical procedures in the mandible. The study was aimed to assess the prevalence of bifid mandibular canals using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study on CBCT images of full skull or mandible of patients, taken during the period from May 2014 to April 2016, was carried out. Images with any gross pathology involving mandible were excluded. CBCTs were examined by a single examiner for presence, type of bifid mandibular canal, and the relationship of bifid mandibular canal with the third molar. Results: A total of 408 CBCTs were examined, out of which 23 exhibited bifid mandibular canal with the prevalence of 5.63%. Type 2BC was the most common type of bifid mandibular canal. All the CBCTs showing Type 1U and 1B bifid mandibular canals, 33.3% of Type 2UC and 25% of Type 2BC bifid mandibular canals exhibited Class B relationship with the third molar. Conclusion: Suspicion of bifid mandibular canal on a screening orthopantomogram should be confirmed by CBCT. Assessment of the type of bifid mandibular canal will help in treatment planning of mandibular surgical procedures.

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“…A tendency was also observed that MC was located more lingual at right side, which concurs with de Oliveira Júnior et al (2011), but without significant differences. The MC is often symmetrical bilaterally (Nortjé et al, 1977).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anatomic Relationships of Mandibular Canal. A Cone Beam CT Study

et al. 2017

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SUMMARY:It is critical to know the precise location and configuration of the mandibular canal (MC) to avoid damages in the alveolar inferior nerve during an invasive dental treatment. The aim of this study was to provide anatomic relationships of the mandibular canal in its entire pathway related to cortical walls and dental roots to serve as basic knowledge for dental clinical procedures performed in this area. We analyzed 50 CBCT images assessing the specific location of MC at the retromolar space as related to inferior teeth roots. Data were analyzed by side using descriptive statistics (median: mean [M], standard deviation [SD], 95 % confidence interval: lower endpoint [IC] and upper endpoint [IC']). The MC length and pathway were measured from the mandibular foramen up to the mental foramen. MC was closer from lingual cortical than buccal at the retromolar space as well the distal root of the second molar and the root of the second premolar are closest to MC. A mean length for the MC of 70.8 (±5.3 mm) for the right side and 71 (±5.8 mm) for the left side were observed. In conclusion, it is critical for clinicians to know three-dimensionally the topographic relationships between the inferior teeth roots and the mandibular canal before proceeding to any invasive dental or surgical procedure at this region.

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Variations in the normal anatomy of the inferior dental (mandibular) canal: A retrospective study of panoramic radiographs from 3612 routine dental patients

Cited by 203 publications

References 5 publications

Relations Between the Mandibular Canal and I, II and III Angle Classes in Panoramic Radiographs

Relations Between the Mandibular Canal and I, II and III Angle Classes in Panoramic Radiographs

Prevalence of bifid mandibular canal and its relationship with third molar in Indian population: A retrospective analysis

Anatomic Relationships of Mandibular Canal. A Cone Beam CT Study

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