Variations in serum iron and total iron binding capacity with the time of intake of combined oral contraceptives

Kamyab, Soraya; Kamyab, S.

doi:10.1016/0009-8981(76)90244-8

Cited by 1 publication

(2 citation statements)

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“…As previously reported [10,23-26], FOCs had higher number of lymphocytes and higher levels of iron, total iron-binding capacity of transferrin, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein, total cholesterol, and C-reactive protein than non-users, whereas prothrombin time and alkaline phosphatase were less than in Fs (data not shown).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 84%

“…We also confirmed that OCs induced variations in hematological and biochemical parameters, such as lymphocyte count, prothrombin time, total iron binding capacity of transferrin, C-reactive protein, and lipids [10,23-25]. Some parameters were influenced by the androgenic properties of progestin: high-density lipoproteins were higher in FOCA - , in accord with the findings of van Rooijen et al [26], while hemoglobin, white blood cell count, calcium, percentage saturation and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase were lower in FOCA - , as previously reported [35].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 61%

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Oral contraceptives modify DNA methylation and monocyte-derived macrophage function

et al. 2012

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BackgroundFertile women may be encouraged to use contraception during clinical trials to avoid potential drug effects on fetuses. However, hormonal contraception interferes with pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics and modifies internal milieus. Macrophages depend on the milieu to which they are exposed. Therefore, we assessed whether macrophage function would be affected by the use of combined oral contraceptives (OCs) and if this influence depended on the androgenic or non-androgenic properties of progestin.MethodsHealthy adult women were enrolled and stratified into two groups: women who did not use OCs (Fs) and women treated with OCs (FOCs). FOCs were further stratified as a function of androgenic (FOCA+) and non-androgenic (FOCA-) properties of progestins. Routine hematological, biochemical, inflammatory and endothelial dysfunction parameters were measured. Monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) were evaluated for the expression and activity of estrogen receptors and androgen receptors, and release of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) was measured from unstimulated and lipopolysaccharide-stimulated cells.ResultsAs is already known, the use of OCs changed numerous parameters: the number of lymphocytes, iron levels, total iron-binding capacity of transferrin, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein, total cholesterol, and C-reactive protein increased, while prothrombin time and alkaline phosphatase decreased. Hormonal levels also varied: cortisol was higher in FOCs, while luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and testosterone were lower in FOCs. Asymmetric dimethylarginine, an index of endothelial function, was lower in FOC than in Fs, as were cysteine and bilirubin. The androgenic properties of progestins affected the activity of OCs: in particular, white blood cell count, hemoglobin, high-density lipoprotein and calcium were higher in FOCA- than in FOCA+, whereas percentage oxygen saturation and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase were lower in FOCA- than in FOCA+. Importantly, FOCs had a lower global DNA methylation, indicating that OC may have epigenetic effects on gene expression. OC did not modify the expression of androgen receptor but increased estrogen receptor α expression, more considerably in FOCA+, and decreased estrogen receptor β, more considerably in FOCA-. Importantly, the activation state of estrogen receptor β in FOCs was decreased, while estrogen receptor α was not active in either Fs or FOCs. Unstimulated MDMs obtained from FOCs showed higher release of TNFα in comparison with Fs. After lipopolysaccharide stimulation, the release of TNFα was significantly higher in Fs than in FOCs.ConclusionsOC use induced many changes in hematological and plasmatic markers, modifying hormonal levels, endothelial function, inflammation index and some redox state parameters, producing a perturbation of the internal milieu that impacted macrophagic function. In fact, different levels of estrogen receptor expression and release of TNFα were observed in macrophages derived from OC users. Some of the above activi...

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 84%