The
1.5 °C pathways initially promoted by the challenges presented
by climate change could bring substantial air quality-related benefits.
However, since there is a lack of comprehensive assessment on emissions
of air pollutants, meteorology, air quality, and heatwave occurrences
under different climate goals, how significant the clean air cobenefits
compared with the direct climate-related impact is uncertain. In this
study, we assess the cobenefits of 1.5 °C pathways for air quality
in China by linking multiple shared socioeconomic pathways, ensembling
simulations of regional climate-air quality dynamic downscaling and
an air pollution and climate-related health assessment model, and
compare different kinds of benefits: the health benefits from direct
slowing climate (reduced heatwaves) versus the health cobenefits from
air quality improvement (the improved air quality from reduced air
pollutants versus meteorological changes). The benefit of reduced
air pollution emissions associated with sustainable development under
1.5 °C pathways dominated the overall impact, which could avoid
1 589 000 PM2.5-related and 526 000
O3-related deaths in 2050. Correspondingly, the impact
of changed meteorology on air quality would avoid additional 8000
PM2.5-related deaths in 2050 under 1.5 °C pathways
yet would lead to 22 000 O3-related deaths. Also,
the heatwave-related deaths could be avoided by 7000. The substantial
anthropogenic emission reduction cobenefits of 1.5 °C pathways
in improving air quality significantly exceed the direct climate (heatwave-related)
benefits and completely offset the impact of meteorological changes’
impact on air pollution under climate change.