“…This eliminates the drawbacks of EMD like mode mixing, inability to cope with noise, and recursive sifting in most methods that do not allow backward error correction (Carvalho et al, 2020 ). VMD has been applied for processing and interpretation of EEG for various applications like epilepsy (Qin et al, 2023 ), seizure detection (Mathew et al, 2023 ), emotion detection (Khare and Bajaj, 2020b ; Liu et al, 2023 ), ADHD (Khare et al, 2022 ), schizophrenia (Siuly et al, 2020 ), Alzheimer's disease diagnosis (Aslan, 2023 ), drowsiness detection (Khare and Bajaj, 2020a ), and sleep stage classification (Che et al, 2023 ). In addition to processing EEG signals, the VMD technique has been utilized in the analysis of speech (Upadhyay and Pachori, 2015 ) and the detection of glaucoma using fundus images (Maheshwari et al, 2017 ).…”