Variation of the milling conditions in the obtaining of nanocellulose from the paper sludge

Abstract

This work aimed to evaluate three different milling conditions, seeking the optimization of CNS isolation process. The paper sludge was chemically treated with detergent and H 2 O 2, by two steps, to remove the noncellulosic contents (hemicellulose and lignin). After these treatments, the sample was milled with the variation of a liquid medium. The three liquids milling medium were: i) dry medium (CNS-D); ii) moist with water and (CNS-W) iii) moist with ethanol (CNS-E). The CNSs were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), zeta potential and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The milled samples presented different behavior, depending on the medium applied. The CNS-W presented low efficiency due to the formation of agglomerates around the ceramic ball, resulting in larger fiber sizes (microsizes). Although, the samples CNS-D and CNS-E presented similar behavior of sizes distribution, with average size 340 nm and 373 nm, respectively, determined by DLS. The CNS-E sample presented higher yield and electrostatic stability in solution, besides not presenting loss of crystallinity, as occurred with CNS-D, observed by FTIR analysis. Thus, the isolation with ethanol showed more efficient process among the three processes studied. This work achieved the isolation of CNS; besides, it proposed an environmentally friendly isolation method, and this may add value in the paper sludge.

3D Filaments Based on Polyhydroxy Butyrate—Micronized Bacterial Cellulose for Tissue Engineering Applications

“…This can be explained by the decrease in the crystallinity of BC, while micronization breaks hydrogen bonds [ 47 ]. This effect was also observed by [ 48 , 49 , 50 ] in their respective works. The other absorption characteristic bands for BC are: 2880 cm −1 —CH stretching of alkanes and asymmetric stretching CH 2 ; 1645 cm −1 —OH strain; 1420 cm −1 —CH 2 deformation; 1370 cm −1 —OH deformation [ 46 ].…”

Electrostatic or Steric Stabilization of the Cellulose Nanostructures Using Different Modifying Agents

“…The first one is associated with water and components of the low molar mass evaporation, and the second is associated with cellulose degradation and decomposition. [ 9,48 ] The CS, AS, and GA modifiers slightly decreased the T max values (∼10 °C), which occurs due to the modifiers' structure, which acts as a thermal degradation catalyzer due to their active groups. According to He and collaborators, the addition of surface modifiers increases the surface porosity, which can change the T max values; [ 9 ] also, according to Sehaqui and collaborators, this slightly lower thermal stability may result from the higher surface area of modified‐CNS.…”