Variation of OC, EC, WSIC and trace metals of PM10 in Delhi, India

Bull Environ Contam Toxicol

Mandal

Jain

et al. 2016

Self Cite

136

Chemical characterization of PM2.5 [organic carbon, elemental carbon, water soluble inorganic ionic components, and major and trace elements] was carried out for a source apportionment study of PM2.5 at an urban site of Delhi, India from January, 2013, to December, 2014. The annual average mass concentration of PM2.5 was 122 ± 94.1 µg m(-3). Strong seasonal variation was observed in PM2.5 mass concentration and its chemical composition with maxima during winter and minima during monsoon. A receptor model, positive matrix factorization (PMF) was applied for source apportionment of PM2.5 mass concentration. The PMF model resolved the major sources of PM2.5 as secondary aerosols (21.3 %), followed by soil dust (20.5 %), vehicle emissions (19.7 %), biomass burning (14.3 %), fossil fuel combustion (13.7 %), industrial emissions (6.2 %) and sea salt (4.3 %).

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Source Apportionment of PM2.5 in Delhi, India Using PMF Model

Bull Environ Contam Toxicol

Mandal

Jain

et al. 2016

Self Cite

136

“…During 2010-2011, the total number of registered vehicles in Delhi were approximately 6.35 million (Delhi Statistical Handbook 2012). This area is under the influence of free airmass flow from northeast to northwest in winter and from southeast to southwest in the summer (Goyal and Sidhartha 2002;Sharma et al 2014a). During winter, Delhi experiences severe fog and haze weather conditions and poor visibility.…”

Section: Sites Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatio-temporal variation in chemical characteristics of PM10 over Indo Gangetic Plain of India

Mandal

Srivastava

et al. 2016

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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The paper presents the spatio-temporal variation of chemical compositions (organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), and water-soluble inorganic ionic components (WSIC)) of particulate matter (PM10) over three locations (Delhi, Varanasi, and Kolkata) of Indo Gangetic Plain (IGP) of India for the year 2011. The observational sites are chosen to represent the characteristics of upper (Delhi), middle (Varanasi), and lower (Kolkata) IGP regions as converse to earlier single-station observation. Average mass concentration of PM10 was observed higher in the middle IGP (Varanasi 206.2 ± 77.4 μg m(-3)) as compared to upper IGP (Delhi 202.3 ± 74.3 μg m(-3)) and lower IGP (Kolkata 171.5 ± 38.5 μg m(-3)). Large variation in OC values from 23.57 μg m(-3) (Delhi) to 12.74 μg m(-3) (Kolkata) indicating role of formation of secondary aerosols, whereas EC have not shown much variation with maximum concentration over Delhi (10.07 μg m(-3)) and minimum over Varanasi (7.72 μg m(-3)). As expected, a strong seasonal variation was observed in the mass concentration of PM10 as well as in its chemical composition over the three locations. Principal component analysis (PCA) identifies the contribution of secondary aerosol, biomass burning, fossil fuel combustion, vehicular emission, and sea salt to PM10 mass concentration at the observational sites of IGP, India. Backward trajectory analysis indicated the influence of continental type aerosols being transported from the Bay of Bengal, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Rajasthan, Gujarat, and surrounding areas to IGP region.

“…Alongside of particulates, trace gases like SO 2 and NO x (NO + NO 2 ) are also emitted from biomass combustion which generally depends on the burning properties of the biomass fuel (pyrolysis, flaming and smoldering). SO 2 and NO x are primarily the sources of secondary aerosol (sulphate and nitrate) in the atmosphere which are formed by gas to particle conversion (Xu and Penner, 2012;Sharma et al, 2014a). SO 2 and NO x owing to its gas to particle conversion under optimum conditions have been studied widely for different categories of biomass (Reddy and Venkataraman, 2002;Gadi et al, 2003;Saud et al, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Residential Biomass Burning Emissions over Northwestern Himalayan Region of India: Chemical Characterization and Budget Estimation

Saxena

Tomar

et al. 2016

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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In the present study, we have determined the emission factors (EF) and estimated the emission of particulate matter (PM), organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), water soluble inorganic constituents (WSIC) and trace gases such as SO 2 , NO and NO 2 from the combustion of biomass fuels (FW: fuel wood and DC: dung cake) used in rural sectors for cooking over Himachal Pradesh (HP), representing the Northwestern Himalayan region of India. The average EFs of PM estimated from FW and DC were 3.44 ± 2.38 and 11.43 ± 1.13 g kg -1 , respectively. OC and EC emission ranged from 0.106 to 3.55 g kg -1 and 0.07 to 0.90 g kg -1 , respectively for variety of biomass fuels. Total emission of PAHs from DC (44.37 mg kg ) noted in this study was almost similar. Similarly, the average EFs of NO x from FW and DC were 0.59 ± 0.49 g kg -1 and 0.34 ± 0.18 g kg -1 , respectively. FWs have comparatively higher SO 2 emission (average: 0.43 ± 0.38 g kg -1 ) than from DC (average: 0.23 ± 0.15 g kg -1 ). Among anionic inorganic constituents emitted from FW, maximum EF was noted for Cl -(0.30 ± 0.26 g kg -1 ). Similarly for cations, highest EF was noted of K + (0.20 ± 0.09 g kg -1 ). Ca 2+ and Na + were the major cationic species identified in plumes of DC burning. Utilizing total annual consumption of biomass fuels and EFs of particulates and trace gases determined in the present study over HP and in the past study (Saud et al., 2011 over Uttarakhand, budget estimates of PM, OC, EC, TC, PAHs, SO 2 and NO x have been determined over the Northwestern Himalayan region. Total annual emission estimated over Northwestern Himalayan region are as: