Variation of melanoma incidence with latitude in North America and Europe

Crombie, I. K.

doi:10.1038/bjc.1979.260

Cited by 107 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…While these countries are at high latitudes, a north-south gradient of incidence rates has been observed, even among the northernmost Scandinavian nations (9,52,53). Similar observations have been made among Caucasian populations in the United States (54,55), New Zealand (56), and other nations (48).…”

Section: Geographysupporting

confidence: 58%

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Epidemiology of Melanoma

Matthews

Qureshi

et al. 2017

Cutaneous Melanoma: Etiology and Therapy

268

321

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Melanoma is a potentially lethal cancer that is most commonly cutaneous. The worldwide incidence of melanoma has risen rapidly over the course of the last 50 years. Its incidence is greatest among fair-skinned populations, and in regions of lower latitude. Incidence is greater among geriatric populations, but melanoma is also among the most common cancers found in adolescent and young adult populations. In fact, it is one of the leading cancers in average years of life lost per death from disease. Melanoma incidence varies by sex, which is also associated with differences in melanoma anatomic site. Similar differences by region, ethnicity, age, and sex are observed in mortality rates of melanoma. In the setting of rising incidence and mortality, melanoma bears a heavy health and economic burden. Attributable costs are several billion in nations with greater melanoma incidence. Preventative strategies have been implemented in multiple high-risk regions with variable success. It is imperative that research efforts Epidemiology of Melanoma 4 achieve better understanding of the risk factors and etiology of disease, with the goal to halt and reverse the progressive trend of rising incidence and mortality from melanoma.

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Section: Geographysupporting

confidence: 58%

“…Incidence of melanoma varies by geographic location among people of the same ethnicity (47)(48)(49)(50). Differences in geography can translate to differences in atmospheric absorption, latitude, altitude, cloud cover, and season-all variables that influence incident UV radiation.…”

Section: Geographymentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology of Melanoma

Matthews

Qureshi

et al. 2017

Cutaneous Melanoma: Etiology and Therapy

268

321

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“…The exces male incidence at this site shown in Table I Europe (20). It was previously shown that the trend of melanoma incidence with latitude differed between these two continents: an increase with decreasing latitutde in North America, and the converse in Europe (Crombie, 1979a). However, both continents show the same pattern of sex differences in incidence: male higher on head and remainder (trunk) and female higher on the upper and lower limbs ( Table I).…”

Section: Reliability Of the Datamentioning

confidence: 82%

“…Firstly, the incidence and mortality from melanoma has been found to increase with proximity to the equator in Australia, North America, England and Wales, Norway and Sweden (Lancaster, 1956;Haenszel, 1963;Magnus, 1973;Elwood et al, 1974;Eklund & Malec, 1978;Crombie, 1979a).…”

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confidence: 99%

Distribution of malignant melanoma on the body surface

Crombie¹

1981

Br J Cancer

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Summary.-The distribution of malignant melanoma among the 4 major body sites (head, upper limb, lower limb and remainder (trunk)) was investigated for 37 white populations. Although UV radiation is generally considered to be the major aetiological agent, it was found that 75% of the tumours occurred on the relatively unexposed body sites. However, the sex differences in the incidence of melanoma at the various sites corresponded in direction and magnitude with the patterns of exposures of the sexes.The greatest difference between the sexes was the higher incidence on the female lower limb (the regular wearing of skirts results in a considerable exposure), and the next largest was the higher incidence on the male trunk (men can remove their shirts easily, but do not do so regularly). The results indicate that UV radiation is a major cause of malignant melanoma, but suggest that the mechanism of induction may be complex. Several hypotheses, as well as the types of additional evidence required, are discussed.

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“…Epidemiological studies have implicated sunlight exposure as a major factor in melanoma development [3]. Furthermore, Caucasians have an increased risk of melanoma in sun-exposed areas relative to Blacks [4]. A hereditary component seems to exist in 5-10% of the individuals with melanoma [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and characteristics of a human cell assay for screening agents for melanoma prevention

Elmore

Jain²,

Siddiqui³

et al. 2007

Melanoma Research

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This paper describes the development and initial evaluation of a human cell assay to identify potentially efficacious agents for preventing melanoma. Four human cell lines were used: normal melanocytes, a radial growthphase-like melanoma cell line (WM3211), a vertical growthphase-like melanoma cell line (Lu1205), and 83-2c, a cell strain cloned from metastatic melanoma. Four endpoints were evaluated in ultraviolet B-treated cells: annexin V, human leukocyte antigen-DR; E-cadherin, and N-cadherin. Annexin V was induced by nimesulide, 4-hydroxyphenylretinamide, and difluoromethylornithine in ultraviolet-B-treated radial growth-phase-like melanoma cells. None of the agents inhibited human leukocyte antigen-DR expression in ultraviolet-B-treated radial growth-phase-like melanoma cells, the only cells that strongly expressed human leukocyte antigen-DR. E-cadherin was overexpressed only in radial growthphase-like melanoma cells relative to melanocytes, and ultraviolet B exposure dramatically reduced this expression. E-cadherin was only induced by difluoromethylornithine in ultraviolet-B-treated radial growth-phase-like melanoma cells. N-cadherin was overexpressed in all melanoma cell lines relative to melanocytes. In this study, all candidate preventive agents inhibited N-cadherin in ultraviolet B-treated radial growth-phase-like melanoma cells. Four agents inhibited N-cadherin in ultraviolet B-treated vertical growth-phaselike melanoma cells. The mean ratios of N-cadherin to E-cadherin levels and specific endpoint responses for both the radial growth-phase-like melanoma and vertical growth-phase-like melanoma cells were used to rank the agents. Agents were evaluated at clinically relevant concentrations. The rankings were difluoromethylornithine > 4-hydroxyphenylretinamide > nimesulide > 9-cis-retinoic acid > polyphenon E. Diphenylhydramine, D-mannitol, and nordihydroguaiaretic acid were inactive. The results of these initial studies suggest that ultraviolet-B-treated radial growth-phase-like melanoma cells are the most responsive to chemopreventive agents, and may be the cell line of choice for screening melanoma prevention agents.

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Variation of melanoma incidence with latitude in North America and Europe

Cited by 107 publications

References 11 publications

Epidemiology of Melanoma

Epidemiology of Melanoma

Distribution of malignant melanoma on the body surface

Development and characteristics of a human cell assay for screening agents for melanoma prevention

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