“…The cuticle and venom of the two species differ in number and content of compounds, which was already expected (Bruschini et al, 2006b;Ferreira et al,2012;Khidr et al, 2013;Soares et al, 2017) because they are different species. P. versicolor presented more compounds on the cuticle than in venom.…”
Although cuticular hydrocarbons and venom are important to the evolutionary success of social behavior, studies that investigated these compounds in tropical social wasps are rare. Thus, the aim of this study was to compare the cuticular chemical composition and the nonpolar portion of venom of Apoica pallens, a swarm-founding wasp and Polistes versicolor an independent-founding wasp. Gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC/MS) technique was used. In the samples of A. pallens, 66 compounds were identified on the cuticle and 87 in venom, 13 are unique of the cuticle and 26 of venom. In the samples of P. versicolor, 85 compounds were identified on the cuticle and 60 in venom, 10 are exclusive of the cuticle and 5 of venom. The results show that, although they present different foundation types and organize in colonies with significantly different population number, the variation in chain length of compounds is relatively similar. In addition, in both types of samples of both species, the most representative class of compounds in content and number are the branched alkanes, which are recognized as the most effective during interactions between nestmates. However, there is greater similarity in content of shared compounds between samples of cuticle and venom of A. pallens, suggesting that because it is a species that is organized in more populous colonies, it may have a more elaborate signaling system based on volatile compounds of venom.
“…The cuticle and venom of the two species differ in number and content of compounds, which was already expected (Bruschini et al, 2006b;Ferreira et al,2012;Khidr et al, 2013;Soares et al, 2017) because they are different species. P. versicolor presented more compounds on the cuticle than in venom.…”
Although cuticular hydrocarbons and venom are important to the evolutionary success of social behavior, studies that investigated these compounds in tropical social wasps are rare. Thus, the aim of this study was to compare the cuticular chemical composition and the nonpolar portion of venom of Apoica pallens, a swarm-founding wasp and Polistes versicolor an independent-founding wasp. Gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC/MS) technique was used. In the samples of A. pallens, 66 compounds were identified on the cuticle and 87 in venom, 13 are unique of the cuticle and 26 of venom. In the samples of P. versicolor, 85 compounds were identified on the cuticle and 60 in venom, 10 are exclusive of the cuticle and 5 of venom. The results show that, although they present different foundation types and organize in colonies with significantly different population number, the variation in chain length of compounds is relatively similar. In addition, in both types of samples of both species, the most representative class of compounds in content and number are the branched alkanes, which are recognized as the most effective during interactions between nestmates. However, there is greater similarity in content of shared compounds between samples of cuticle and venom of A. pallens, suggesting that because it is a species that is organized in more populous colonies, it may have a more elaborate signaling system based on volatile compounds of venom.
“…The lipids considered a successful diagnostic tool for the identification of insect, especially hydrocarbons which are biochemical characteristics and chemotaxonomic tools for identification of insects [13,23,34,35]. Soares et al (2017) [36] investigated that some compounds were identified in three species of Mischocyttarus (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) Mischocyttarus consimilis, M. bertonii, and M. latior and these compounds include heneicosane, docosane, pentacosane, octacosane, hexacosane, 2-methylhexacosane, 2-methyloctacosane. The compounds of henicosane, oleic acid, docosane, tricosane, tetracosane, pentacosane, hexacosane, octacosane, 2-methylhexacosane, 13-methylheptacosane and nonacosane were reported in Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) and Rhyzopertha dominica [22].…”
Section: Effect Of Insect Gender Of T Variabile On the Compound Produ...mentioning
The purpose of this study is to use the technique of gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry to study the metabolite profile of Trogoderma variabile using different host grains including canola, oats, wheat, and barley. Also, hydrocarbon profiling can be used as a chemo-taxonomical tool for insect species identification, especially for very morphologically similar species like T. granarium. For sample preparation insects were subjected to extraction with acetonitrile. Direct Immersion-Solid Phase Microextraction (DI-SPME) was employed, followed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry analysis (GC-MS) for the collection, separation, and identification of compounds. Additionally, insect host grains have a significant effect on the insect chemicals that are identified from T. variabile adults such as fatty acid and hydrocarbons. Results showed that insect host grains have a significant influence on the chemical compounds that are identified in females and males. There were twenty-three compounds were identified from adults reared on canola and wheat. However, there were 26 and 28 compounds detected from adults reared on oats and barley respectively. Results also showed that 11-methylpentacosane; 13-methylheptacosane; heptacosane; docosane, 1-iodo- and nonacosane were the most significant compounds that identified form T. variabile male reared on different host grains. However, the main compounds identified from female cultured on different host grains include docosane, 1-iodo-; 1-butylamine, N-butyl-; oleic acid; heptacosane; 13-methylheptacosane; hexacosane; nonacosane; 2-methyloctacosane; n-hexadecanoic acid and docosane in the female samples.
“…The mass spectrometry parameters included electron impact ionization voltage of 70 eV, 0.3 s scan interval, and scanning in the range from m/z 45 to 600. The compounds were identified from the retention index (Bernier et al, 1998;Howard, 2001;Smith et al, 2012;Moore et al, 2014;Weiss et al, 2014;Soares et al, 2017), comparison with databases (NIST 21 and Wiley 229), and interpretation of the mass spectra. The retention index was calculated employing a mixture of linear alkanes (C 7 -C 40 , purity ≥ 95%, Sigma-Aldrich) as an external reference.…”
Section: Analysis Of the Effect Of Temperature On Cuticular Chemical ...mentioning
Intracolonial recognition among social insects is performed mainly by means of cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) that provide chemical communication, although their primary function is the avoidance of desiccation. Therefore, the ability to adjust to climatic variation may be related to the composition of CHCs. The hypothesis adopted in this work was that workers of the ant Odontomachus brunneus, when exposed to higher or lower average temperatures, change the CHCs composition, as a readjustment to the new conditions, and that this, in turn, leads to a change in intraspecific recognition capacity. To test this hypothesis, colonies of O. brunneus reared in the laboratory were subdivided into four groups. Two groups were kept at the same temperature, in order to assess the effect of isolation itself, while one group was kept at high temperature and another was kept at low temperature. Two groups were maintained at 25 °C, with no further conditions imposed. Subsequently, encounters were induced between individuals from these groups and from the high and low temperature groups, followed by the extraction of CHCs from each individual. The results indicated significant differences in recognition time and CHC composition between the high/low temperature groups and those kept at 25 °C. Antennation time during nestmate encounters was significantly longer for the groups submitted to temperature treatments (high and low), compared to those kept at 25 °C, suggesting recognition difficulty. In order to adjust to changing temperature conditions, O. brunneus undergoes changes in the composition of CHCs and in intraspecific recognition capacity.
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