Variation of biocontaminant levels within and between homes — the AIRALLERG study

Giovannangelo, Mariëlla; Nordling, Emma; Gehring, Ulrike; Oldenwening, Marieke; Bellander, Tom; Heinrich, Joachim; Hoek, Gerard; Brunekreef, Bert

doi:10.1038/sj.jes.7500482

Cited by 26 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 28 publications

(28 reference statements)

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“…The within-home variation was low for indoor and negligible for outdoor air. The above findings are similar to those reported for beta-glucan measured in dust: Chew et al (2001) found comparable within-home and between-home variations, and Giovannangelo et al (2007) reported within-home variances to be close to or less than the betweenhome variances. For all sources of indoor and outdoor within-home variation, none was due to day-to-day variances.…”

Section: (1?3)-b-d-glucansupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Chew et al (2001) analyzed beta-glucan in dust samples collected in 23 Dutch homes over a period of a year and found similar variation of its levels within and between homes. Giovannangelo et al (2007) analyzed the variance in the levels of beta-glucan, endotoxin, extracellular polysaccharide, and indoor allergens in duplicate house dust samples collected in 61 homes. They found that the within-home variance was less than half of the between-home variance in most cases.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Temporal and spatial variation of indoor and outdoor airborne fungal spores, pollen, and (1→3)-β-d-glucan

et al. 2009

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Characterizing the variation in bioaerosol concentrations is important for the estimation of health effects associated with bioaerosols and planning exposure assessment strategies. This investigation was conducted in order to develop a better understanding of exposure to fungal spores, pollen, and (1?3)-b-D-glucan, by determining the variations of their concentrations between and within homes. In the study, 24-h air sampling was performed on five consecutive days in four Cincinnati area homes. The samples (a total of 160) were taken simultaneously in four different rooms inside each home and at four different outside locations near the home using Button Personal Inhalable Aerosol Samplers. The relative sizes of the between-and within-home variability to the total variability were calculated for each outcome. The relative sizes of the betweenand within-home variability in indoor air ranged from 0.10 to 0.52 and 0.09 to 0.10, respectively. For outdoor air, the between-and within-home variability ranged from 0.27 to 0.50 and 0.09 to 0.10, respectively. Thus, the ranges of within-home variability, both indoors and outdoors, were much less than the variability between different homes. The results suggest that, if long-term sampling methods are employed to characterize the bioaerosol exposure for a population, the sampling should be repeated in a larger number of homes as an alternative to replicate sampling in a fewer number of homes. When characterizing exposure within one home, the sampling should be repeated in different rooms, rather than repeating it on different days.

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Section: (1?3)-b-d-glucansupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temporal and spatial variation of indoor and outdoor airborne fungal spores, pollen, and (1→3)-β-d-glucan

et al. 2009

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“…Dust samples of a single time-point cannot represent the overall exposure, as the microbial components in house dust samples may change over time. A previous AirAllerg investigation showed that the within-home variance of endotoxin, (1,3)-b-D-glucan and EPS measurements was small compared with the between-home variance [34]. However, some investigations looked at variations over time and performed repeatability analyses within and between homes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Respiratory health in children, and indoor exposure to (1,3)- -D-glucan, EPS mould components and endotoxin

Tischer¹,

Gehring²,

Chen³

et al. 2010

European Respiratory Journal

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For a long time, exposure to mould and dampness-derived microbial components was considered a risk factor for the development of respiratory diseases and symptoms. Some recent studies suggested that early childhood exposure to mould components, such as (1,3)-b-Dglucan and extracellular polysaccharides (EPSs), may protect children from developing allergy. We investigated the association of exposure to (1,3)-b-D-glucan, EPS and endotoxin with asthma and allergies in 6-yr-old children.This investigation was the follow-up to a nested case-control study among three European birth cohorts. Children from two ongoing birth cohort studies performed in Germany (n5358) and one in the Netherlands (n5338) were selected. Levels of (1,3)-b-D-glucan, EPS and endotoxin were measured in settled house dust sampled from children's mattresses and living-room floors when the children were, on average, 5 yrs of age. At the age of 6 yrs, health outcome information was available for 678 children.In the two German subsets, domestic EPS and endotoxin exposure from children's mattresses were significantly negatively associated with physician-diagnosed asthma (OR per interquartile range increase 0.60 (95% CI 0.39-0.92) and 0.55 (95% CI 0.31-0.97), respectively). In addition, EPS exposure was inversely related to physician-diagnosed allergic rhinitis (OR 0.50, 95% CI 0.31-0.81). For the Dutch population, no associations were observed between exposure to microbial agents and respiratory health outcomes.We found inverse associations between domestic exposure to EPS and endotoxin from children's mattresses, and doctor-diagnosed asthma and rhinitis in German, but not in Dutch, school children. The reasons for the differences between countries are not clear.

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“…These include the ECRHS-I and II (FP3, FP4 and FP5) (38,139), AIRALLERG (Effects of outdoor and indoor air pollution on the development of allergic disease in children, FP5) (140,141), Health effects of particles from motor engine exhaust and ambient air pollution, FP5 (142), PATY (Pollution and the young combined analyses of cross-sectional studies of respiratory health of children and air pollution, FP5) (143)(144)(145) and Respiratory Allergy and Inflammation due to Air Pollution (FP5) (146). BioAir (FP5), a longitudinal assessment of clinical course and biomarkers in severe chronic airway disease, has used modern clinical measurements and the exploitation of new molecular methods to define biomarkers of chronic airway inflammation and remodeling.…”

Section: How Eu Projects Can Helpmentioning

confidence: 99%

Important research questions in allergy and related diseases: nonallergic rhinitis: a GA²LEN paper

Bousquet

Fokkens

Burney

et al. 2008

Allergy

167

148

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Important research questions in allergy and related diseases: nonallergic rhinitis: a GA 2 LEN paper Nonallergic rhinitis (NAR) can be defined as a chronic nasal inflammation which is not caused by systemic IgE-dependent mechanisms. It is common and probably affects far more than 200 million people worldwide. Both children and adults are affected. However, its exact prevalence is unknown and its phenotypes need to be evaluated using appropriate methods to better understand its pathophysiology, diagnosis and management. It is important to differentiate between infectious rhinitis, allergic/NAR and chronic rhinosinusitis, as management differs for each of these cases. Characterization of the phenotype, mechanisms and management of NAR represents one of the major unmet needs in allergic and nonallergic diseases. Studies on children and adults are required in order to appreciate the prevalence, phenotype, severity and co-morbidities of NAR. These studies should compare allergic and NAR and consider different age group populations including elderly subjects. Mechanistic studies should be carried out to better understand the disease(s) and risk factors and to guide towards an improved diagnosis and therapy. These studies need to take the heterogeneity of NAR into account. It is likely that neuronal mechanisms, T cells, innate immunity and possibly auto-immune responses all play a role in NAR and may also contribute to the symptoms of allergic rhinitis.

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Variation of biocontaminant levels within and between homes — the AIRALLERG study

Cited by 26 publications

References 28 publications

Temporal and spatial variation of indoor and outdoor airborne fungal spores, pollen, and (1→3)-β-d-glucan

Temporal and spatial variation of indoor and outdoor airborne fungal spores, pollen, and (1→3)-β-d-glucan

Respiratory health in children, and indoor exposure to (1,3)- -D-glucan, EPS mould components and endotoxin

Important research questions in allergy and related diseases: nonallergic rhinitis: a GA²LEN paper

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Variation of biocontaminant levels within and between homes — the AIRALLERG study

Cited by 26 publications

References 28 publications

Temporal and spatial variation of indoor and outdoor airborne fungal spores, pollen, and (1→3)-β-d-glucan

Temporal and spatial variation of indoor and outdoor airborne fungal spores, pollen, and (1→3)-β-d-glucan

Respiratory health in children, and indoor exposure to (1,3)- -D-glucan, EPS mould components and endotoxin

Important research questions in allergy and related diseases: nonallergic rhinitis: a GA2LEN paper

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Important research questions in allergy and related diseases: nonallergic rhinitis: a GA²LEN paper