Variation in VIP latrine sludge contents

Bakare, Babatunde Femi; Foxon, K. M.; Brouckaert, C.J.; Buckley, C.A.

doi:10.4314/wsa.v38i4.2

Cited by 39 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Similar observations have been reported in literature by Still and Foxon (2012). The variability of FS has also been confirmed by other researchers like Niwagaba et al (2014); Bakare et al (2012);Nwaneri (2009);and Buckley et al (2008). The average moisture content for sampled pits was 86%; this falls within the ranges reported by Tamakloe (2014) and Chaggu (2004).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 75%

A critical analysis of physiochemical properties influencing pit latrine emptying and feacal sludge disposal in Kampala Slums, Uganda

Zziwa¹,

Nabulime²,

Kiggundu³

et al. 2016

Afr. J. Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Inadequate information on physiochemical properties of faecal sludge leads to inappropriate design of pit emptying devices and poor faecal sludge disposal contributing to environmental pollution. This study undertook a critical analysis of physiochemical properties of feacal sludge that influence design and performance of pit emptying devices and faecal sludge disposal for improved faecal sludge management in urban slums. The physiochemical properties determined were; Moisture content (MC), ash content (AC), total solids (TS), volatile solids (VS), nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P), potassium (K) and pH. Samples were collected from 55 unlined pits at depths of 0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 m from pit surface. The unlined pits in this study were purposively selected from slums in Kampala. A sample of 300 g was sucked from each depth using a manual sampling tool and emptied into a plastic container. The container was then wrapped in a black plastic bag and transported in cooler boxes to the lab for analysis. The properties were subjected to Principal Component Analysis to isolate the critical parameters that affect pit emptying and faecal sludge disposal. The mean results were: MC of 86 ± 8.37%; TS of 0.14 ± 0.08 g/g wet sample; VS of 0.73 ± 0.32 g/g dry sample; pH of 8.0 ± 1.5; AC of 0.35± 0.18 g/g dry sample; TN of 3.5 ± 0.08%; K of 2.2± 0.13% and P of 1.4± 0.05%. It was concluded that physiochemical properties in Ugandan pits are comparable to those of global pits except for the acidic conditions at top surface in some pits, and higher moisture content in pits due to the high water table. PCA results showed that moisture content and total solids affected pit emptying techniques while fractional content of N, P and pH affect most choice of faecal sludge disposal technique.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 75%

A critical analysis of physiochemical properties influencing pit latrine emptying and feacal sludge disposal in Kampala Slums, Uganda

Zziwa¹,

Nabulime²,

Kiggundu³

et al. 2016

Afr. J. Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…This was because of the readily available degradable material in the almost fresh sludge (Bakare, 2014). Greater mass loss at the 90-100% moisture level is attributed to the fact that more moisture facilitates exchange of substrate material and buffering agents, dilution of inhibitors, and the distribution/spread of microbes (Bakare et al, 2012). Sufficient water in the pit will allow increased rates of transport of soluble components and micro-organisms in the pit, allowing for optimum growth to occur (Foxon et al, 2010).…”

Section: Geo-physical Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contextual investigation of factors affecting sludge accumulation rates in lined pit latrines within Kampala slum areas, Uganda

Zziwa

Lugali

Wanyama

et al. 2016

WSA

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Pit latrines in slums areas of Uganda fill up faster than might be expected from some estimates owing to inappropriate use and failure to consider critical factors affecting sludge accumulation rates at the planning, design and construction stages. This study sought to investigate factors affecting filling rates of lined pit latrines in slum areas of Kampala with the goal of contributing to accurate planning, design, construction, emptying and overall maintenance. Fifty-five pit latrines were selected from the five divisions of Kampala city using stratified random sampling. Data collected included: number of users, frequency of emptying, years taken since last emptying, type of non-faecal materials deposited, cross-sectional dimensions of the pit, rate of sludge degradation and geo-physical factors of pit location. Methods used were: field surveys, questionnaires and key informant interviews plus on-site depth measurement. Mass loss tests to investigate the rate of sludge degradation were carried out in the laboratory at moisture content levels similar to those in pit latrines. Sludge accumulation rates were calculated using volume of sludge in the pit, number of users and time taken since last emptying. Statistical analyses included correlation and one-way ANOVA. Results revealed that number of users and type of material deposited in the pit latrines, especially non-faecal matter, had a significant (p < 0.05) effect on sludge accumulation rate. Public pit latrines with a higher number of users had lower sludge accumulation rates and this was attributed to greater degradation taking place and greater restriction on entry of non-faecal matter. The rate of sludge degradation was higher at 90-100% than 80-90% moisture content, due to better degradation conditions. Tighter restrictions on non-faecal material deposition into pit latrines are recommended to reduce filling rates of pit latrines in slum areas.

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“…4c). Nwaneri (2009), Bakare et al (2012) and Still and Foxon (2012) reported increasing trends of moisture content in unlined pit latrine sludge for pits located in high water table areas, and decreasing trends of moisture content in pits situated in low water table areas. This suggests water ingress from the groundwater into the unlined pit latrines.…”

Section: Moisture Contentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In September 2014 (first phase), 15 unlined pit latrines were selected and sampled: 8 rental pit latrines (single pit used by several households but limited to only those households) and 7 private pit latrines (used by single household). This number of latrines was adopted from previous studies by Nwaneri, (2009), Buckley et al (2008) and Bakare et al (2012), who characterized pit latrine sludge from 16 lined and unlined pit latrines. To make a comparison within the season, these same pit latrines were re-sampled in December 2014 (second phase).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence and survival of pathogens at different sludge depths in unlined pit latrines in Kampala slums

Nabateesa¹,

Zziwa²,

Kabenge³

et al. 2017

WSA

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Occurrence and survival of pathogens in faecal sludge was investigated in unlined pit latrines at varying depths in peri-urban areas of Kampala city, Uganda. A total of 55 unlined pit latrines, 7 private and 8 rental unlined pit latrines were sampled in the first and second phases (representing the rainy season) and 40 pits in the third phase (representing dry season), and analysed for indicator organisms and pathogens from 4 pit latrine sludge layers, at depths of 0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 m, following APHA standard methods. Physico-chemical parameters of the faecal sludge were also measured. Three sampling phases were undertaken to determine the effect of seasonal variation. Results indicate that the mean temperature and pH were 25.4 ± 1.14°C and 8.0 ± 1.5, respectively; and moisture content increased with pit sludge depth, except between Depths 3 and 4. Average moisture content was 86.3 ± 3%. The measured parameters varied significantly (P > 0.05) between seasons. The mean reduction in total coliforms, thermo-tolerant coliforms, E. coli, and faecal enterococci with sludge depth was significant at all depths (P < 0.05), but the least significant difference was not significant at depth levels of 1.0 m and 1.5 m. Salmonella was only detected at the top layer of faecal sludge in 60% of Phase 2 samples and in only 20% of the samples in Phase 3. About 200-4 100 eggs/g of strongyles were found in 98% of the samples and 100-1 600 eggs/g of ascarids in 55% of the samples. Temperature, pH and moisture content did not show a significant correlation with observed reductions of indicators and pathogens. With extrapolation of the generated regression models, a pit of 8 m can be recommended for reduction of bacteria. It is recommended that protective field gear be used during pit emptying and that faecal sludge treatment should be done to reduce pathogens before disposal into the environment.

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Variation in VIP latrine sludge contents

Cited by 39 publications

References 4 publications

A critical analysis of physiochemical properties influencing pit latrine emptying and feacal sludge disposal in Kampala Slums, Uganda

A critical analysis of physiochemical properties influencing pit latrine emptying and feacal sludge disposal in Kampala Slums, Uganda

Contextual investigation of factors affecting sludge accumulation rates in lined pit latrines within Kampala slum areas, Uganda

Occurrence and survival of pathogens at different sludge depths in unlined pit latrines in Kampala slums

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