Variation in the incidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents by world region and country income group: A scoping review

Abstract

Introduction Around 18.7 million of the 537 million people with diabetes worldwide live in low-income and middle-income countries (LMIC), where there is also an increase in the number of children, adolescents, and young adults diagnosed with type 1 diabetes (T1D). There are substantial gaps in data in the current understanding of the epidemiological patterns and trends in incidence rates of T1D at the global level. Methods We performed a scoping review of published studies that established the incidence of T1D in children, adolescents, and young adults aged 0–25 years at national and sub-national levels using PubMed, Embase and Global Health. Data was analyzed using R programming. Results The scoping review identified 237 studies which included T1D incidence estimates from 92 countries, revealing substantial variability in the annual incidence of T1D by age, geographic region, and country-income classification. Highest rates were reported in the 5–9 and 10–14 year age groups than in the 0–4 and 15–19 year age groups, respectively. In the 0–14 year age group, the highest incidence was reported in Northern Europe (23.96 per 100,000), Australia/New Zealand (22.8 per 100,000), and Northern America (18.02 per 100,000), while the lowest was observed in Melanesia, Western Africa, and South America (all < 1 per 100,000). For the 0–19 year age group, the highest incidence was reported in Northern Europe (39.0 per 100,000), Northern America (20.07 per 100,000), and Northern Africa (10.1 per 100,000), while the lowest was observed in Eastern and Western Africa (< 2 per 100,000). Higher incidence rates were observed in high-income countries compared to LMICs. There was a paucity of published studies focusing on determining the incidence of T1D in LMICs. Conclusion The review reveals substantial variability in incidence rates of T1D by geographic region, country income group, and age. There is a dearth of information on T1D in LMICs, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, where incidence remains largely unknown. Investment in population-based registries and longitudinal cohort studies could help improve the current understanding of the epidemiological trends and help inform health policy, resource allocation, and targeted interventions to enhance access to effective, efficient, equitable, and responsive healthcare services.

Epigenetic Modulation of GPER Expression in Gastric and Colonic Smooth Muscle of Male and Female Non-Obese Diabetic (NOD) Mice: Insights into H3K4me3 and H3K27ac Modifications

“…Current statistics of The International Diabetes Federation (IDF) have reported approximately 537 million cases and over 6.7 million deaths globally, of which type 1 diabetes (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) account for 10% and 90% of the cases, respectively [2]. However, despite its relatively low global prevalence, T1D is still a force to be reckoned with, and its burden increases annually, particularly among children, adolescents, and young adults [3]. Recent data suggest that North America is among the regions with the highest prevalence of T1D, while the lowest prevalence is seen in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs) such as East and West Africa, although the prevalence is not well reported in these regions [3].…”

“…However, despite its relatively low global prevalence, T1D is still a force to be reckoned with, and its burden increases annually, particularly among children, adolescents, and young adults [3]. Recent data suggest that North America is among the regions with the highest prevalence of T1D, while the lowest prevalence is seen in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs) such as East and West Africa, although the prevalence is not well reported in these regions [3].…”

A multi-ancestry genome-wide association study in type 1 diabetes

“…Each of these stages of type 1 diabetes may have overlapping, as well as distinct, genetic and non-genetic risk factors. Although type 1 diabetes has historically been thought to be a disease of childhood (known previously as juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus) and of Northern European ancestry, it occurs in individuals of all ages and ancestry groups [13][14][15][16][17].…”

Incidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents under 20 years of age across 55 countries from 2000 to 2022: A systematic review with meta‐analysis

“…[23][24][25][26][27] Previous studies have explored the incidence of T1DM among individuals under 15 years of age. [28][29][30] However, to date, no metaanalysis has been conducted to provide pooled estimates of T1DM among children and adolescents under 20 years of age, according to different age ranges and sex, and to investigate whether there is a difference between the prepandemic COVID-19 period and the COVID-19 pandemic period. Therefore, the aim of this study was to estimate the global IR of T1DM in children and adolescents below 20 years of age during the period 2000 to 2022 by conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.…”

“…Previous studies have explored the incidence of T1DM among individuals under 15 years of age 28–30 . However, to date, no meta‐analysis has been conducted to provide pooled estimates of T1DM among children and adolescents under 20 years of age, according to different age ranges and sex, and to investigate whether there is a difference between the prepandemic COVID‐19 period and the COVID‐19 pandemic period.…”