Variation in the Flowering Phenology of an Epiphytic Bromeliad Along an Elevational Gradient

Abstract

Elevational patterns in flowering phenology have been reported for trees, shrubs and herbs. However, for vascular epiphytes that rely on atmospheric sources for humidity and nutrients, and depend on phorophyte microhabitat, elevational patterns of variation are unknown. In this study, we described the flowering phenology of Tillandsia carlos-hankii, an epiphytic bromeliad, along an elevational gradient in Capulálpam de Méndez, Oaxaca. We analyzed the onset, seasonality and duration of flowering along and within different elevation zones, and we evaluated the effect of phorophyte features (tree height, DBH and canopy diameter) on flowering start date and duration. From June 2016 to May 2017, we periodically recorded phenological data from six populations along three elevation zones (“low” 2151 to 2283 m. a. s. l., “medium”: 2284 to 2416 m. a. s. l. and “high” 2417 to 2548 m. a. s. l.), monitoring two population per zone. Start of flowering occurred between December and January, beginning six to 16 days earlier at low elevations than in the other zones, although this difference was not statistically significant. We observed marked flowering seasonality at all the elevation zones, with differences between zones (W≥18.49, p<0.0001) and between the populations at medium and high elevations (W≥8.57, p≤0.05). Flowering duration spanned fromDecember to May. Phorophyte features were not related to the onset or duration of flowering (t≤-1.47, p≥0.14, in all cases). Our results suggest that vascular epiphytes follow the same elevational patterns in phenology as other life forms, and that populations in the same elevation range can vary. The causes of such intra-elevational variation merit further investigation.

Contradistinctive floral attributes, pollination guilds and their consequence on the outcrossing rate in two elevational morphs of Rhododendron arboreum Sm.

“…The phenoevents, especially the onset of flowering, are also known to be influenced by differences in temperature, and snowmelt patterns in the case of alpine plant communities (Arroyo et al, 2021). The usual trend is that the plants tend to bloom at the lower elevation first due to conducive conditions triggered by salubrious temperature and photoperiod (Loṕez-Loṕez et al, 2021). The two morphs in R. arboreum were phenologically separated due to similar reasons, especially in terms of the onset of flowering, with reds blooming earlier than the pinks.…”