Variation in Suspension Feeding Rates among Larvae of Some Temperate, Eastern Pacific Echinoderms

Hart, Michael W.

doi:10.2307/3226940

Cited by 35 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…viridis (Hansen, 1993;Burckardt et al, 1997), but similar to other ciliated larvae (Jespersen and Olsen, 1982;Hansen and Ockelmann, 1991). We assume that the particle capture is by the prototroch and maybe more ciliary structures in combination as described by Strathmann (Strathmann, 1971) and Hart (Hart, 1996). The measured maximum clearance rates are described reasonably well by Eqn14, using 27m as the prototroch cilia length (l c ) for the early larval stage, 45m for the intermediate larval stage, and 48m for the late larval stage (Table2; Fig.6).…”

Section: Maximum Clearance Ratesmentioning

confidence: 58%

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Swimming behavior and prey retention of the polychaete larvaePolydora ciliata(Johnston)

Hansen

Jakobsen

Andersen

et al. 2010

Journal of Experimental Biology

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SUMMARYThe behavior of the ubiquitous estuarine planktotrophic spionid polychaete larvae Polydora ciliata was studied. We describe ontogenetic changes in morphology, swimming speed and feeding rates and have developed a simple swimming model using low Reynolds number hydrodynamics. In the model we assumed that the ciliary swimming apparatus is primarily composed of the prototroch and secondarily by the telotroch. The model predicted swimming speeds and feeding rates that corresponded well with the measured speeds and rates. Applying empirical data to the model, we were able to explain the profound decrease in specific feeding rates and the observed increase in the difference between upward and downward swimming speeds with larval size. We estimated a critical larval length above which the buoyancy-corrected weight of the larva exceeds the propulsion force generated by the ciliary swimming apparatus and thus forces the larva to the bottom. This modeled critical larval length corresponded to approximately 1mm, at which, according to the literature, competence for metamorphosis and no more length increase is observed. These findings may have general implications for all planktivorous polychaete larvae that feed without trailing threads. We observed bell shaped particle retention spectra with a minimum prey size of approximately 4m equivalent spherical diameter, and we found that an ontogenetic increase in maximum prey size add to a reduction in intra-specific food competition in the various larval stages. In a grazing experiment using natural seawater, ciliates were cleared approximately 50% more efficiently than similar sized dinoflagellates. The prey sizes retainable for P. ciliata larvae covers the microplankton fraction and includes non-motile as well as motile prey items, which is why the larvae are trophically positioned among the copepods and dinoflagellates. Not only do larval morphology and behavior govern larval feeding, prey behavior also influences the feeding efficiency of Polydora ciliata.

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Section: Maximum Clearance Ratesmentioning

confidence: 58%

“…Moreover, a thorough compilation of 13 echinoderm larval species reveals a substantial variation in feeding capabilities among larvae of similar size and shows that some are better suspension feeders than the others. Hence, no clear pattern in size-related clearance rate was detected (Hart, 1996).…”

Section: Maximum Clearance Ratesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Swimming behavior and prey retention of the polychaete larvaePolydora ciliata(Johnston)

Hansen

Jakobsen

Andersen

et al. 2010

Journal of Experimental Biology

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“…Feeding current speeds are 0.98 mm s -1 for 4-armed Strongylocentrotus purpuratus larvae (Hart 1996). Although feeding current speeds are not available for Lytechinus pictus larvae, feeding current speed does not depend on ciliary band length (Hart 1996). For example, the feeding current speed of 1.16 mm s -1 for Dendraster excentricus pluteus larvae is similar to that of S. purpuratus larvae, even though they have longer ciliary bands (Hart 1996).…”

Section: Parameters For the Encounter Modelmentioning

confidence: 82%

“…In this case, u 1 is the velocity of the prey in the feeding current as it enters the perceptive radius . Feeding current speeds are 0.98 mm s -1 for 4-armed Strongylocentrotus purpuratus larvae (Hart 1996). Although feeding current speeds are not available for Lytechinus pictus larvae, feeding current speed does not depend on ciliary band length (Hart 1996).…”

Section: Parameters For the Encounter Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Species-specific effects of fluid shear on grazing by sea urchin larvae: comparison of experimental results with encounter-model predictions

Maldonado¹,

Latz

2011

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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Small-scale turbulence can alter the rate of plankton predator-prey encounters. Encounter models predict that prey ingestion by slow-swimming zooplankton is enhanced at low levels of turbulence. We investigated whether small-scale turbulence increases ingestion for the slow-swimming, suspension-feeding pluteus larvae of the white urchin Lytechinus pictus and the purple urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. Model predictions of the critical level of turbulence, ε cr , above which encounters due to turbulence are greater than those due to behavior (swimming or suspension feeding) alone, were experimentally tested using short-and long-term grazing treatments. Because urchin larvae are smaller than the smallest eddy scales of turbulence and thus experience turbulence as laminar shear, larvae were exposed to flow conditions using a simple laminar shear flow with dissipation rates, ε, of 0, 0.1, 0.4, and 1 cm 2 s -3. Short-term ingestion of beads by L. pictus larvae was unaffected by ε < 1 cm 2 s -3 but was 30% greater at this level, which was greater than ε cr based on flow speeds produced in suspension feeding. Long-term flow treatments with algal prey had no significant effect on grazing or growth. Short-term ingestion of beads by S. purpuratus larvae was unaffected by ε < ε cr based on suspension feeding; the effect of long-term flow exposure on ingestion and growth could not be investigated because of high mortality, suggesting greater sensitivity to flow exposure compared to L. pictus. Experimental results are consistent with model predictions that ε cr is high, and thus levels of turbulence in the ocean are not expected to significantly increase ingestion and reduce food limitation in suspension-feeding urchin larvae.

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“…It is well known that food availability may affect the pumping activity of many filter-feeding animals, possibly due to both the existence of a 'lower trigger level', below which the animals shut down, and an 'upper satiation concentration', above which the filtration activity is decreased (Riisgård & Larsen 1995. It is currently being debated whether the filter-pumps of benthic macroinvertebrates are in general adapted for continuous operation at a characteristic high and constant rate adapted to the prevailing ambient phytoplankton concentrations, which implies that the clearance capacity is exploited within a certain range of algal concentrations (Jørgensen 1990, 1996Clausen & Riisgård 1996, or whether the animals are physiologically regulating their food intake by controlling the filtration rate according to quantity and food value of suspended particles in the water (Hawkins & Bayne 1992, Bayne 1998, but see Riisgård 2001). Seen in this perspective, it is of interest to make a comparative study of waterprocessing in 2 ciliary filter-feeding polychaetes, the serpulid Ditrupa arietina from the Mediterranean Sea and the sabellid Euchone papillosa from the Gullmarsfjord, Sweden.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative study of water-processing in two ciliary filter-feeding polychaetes (Ditrupa arietina and Euchone papillosa) from two different habitats

Riisgård¹,

Grémare²,

Amouroux³

et al. 2002

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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A comparative study of feeding rates and structures was made with the 2 ciliary filterfeeding polychaetes Ditrupa arietina and Euchone papillosa from the Mediterranean Sea (Gulf of Lions, France) and the Gullmarsfjord (Sweden), respectively. The feeding rate (clearance) was measured as the volume of water cleared of 6 µm diameter flagellate cells (Rhodomonas sp.) per unit time. Most experiments were conducted at algal concentrations equivalent to about 0.4 to 3.8 µg chlorophyll a l -1

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Variation in Suspension Feeding Rates among Larvae of Some Temperate, Eastern Pacific Echinoderms

Cited by 35 publications

References 39 publications

Swimming behavior and prey retention of the polychaete larvaePolydora ciliata(Johnston)

Swimming behavior and prey retention of the polychaete larvaePolydora ciliata(Johnston)

Species-specific effects of fluid shear on grazing by sea urchin larvae: comparison of experimental results with encounter-model predictions

Comparative study of water-processing in two ciliary filter-feeding polychaetes (Ditrupa arietina and Euchone papillosa) from two different habitats

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