Variation in stratum corneum protein content as a function of anatomical site and ethnic group

Raj, Nidhin; Voegeli, R.; Rawlings, A. V.; Gibbons, Simon; Munday, Michael R.; Summers, Beverley; Lane, Majella E.

doi:10.1111/ics.12274

Cited by 20 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 43 publications

(76 reference statements)

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“…We show that the cheek CE is immature from birth and does not improve rapidly with age. Therefore, cheek CE immaturity is present from birth and persists into adulthood . In adults, facial TEWL is much higher than that of the forearm and upper arm .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Early-life regional and temporal variation in filaggrin-derived natural moisturizing factor, filaggrin-processing enzyme activity, corneocyte phenotypes and plasmin activity: implications for atopic dermatitis

et al. 2018

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SummaryBackgroundFilaggrin is central to the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis (AD). The cheeks are a common initiation site of infantile AD. Regional and temporal expression of levels of filaggrin degradation products [natural moisturizing factors (NMFs)], activities of filaggrin‐processing enzymes [bleomycin hydrolase (BH) and calpain‐1 (C‐1)] and plasmin, and corneocyte envelope (CE) maturity in early life are largely unknown.ObjectivesWe conducted a cross‐sectional, observational study investigating regional and age‐dependent variations in NMF levels, activity of proteases and CE maturity in stratum corneum (SC) from infants to determine whether these factors could explain the observed predilection sites for AD in early life.MethodsWe measured NMF using a tape‐stripping method at seven sites in the SC of 129 children (aged < 12 months to 72 months) and in three sites in 56 neonates and infants (< 48 h to 3 months). In 37 of these neonates and infants, corneocyte size, maturity, BH, C‐1 and plasmin activities were determined.Results NMF levels are low at birth and increase with age. Cheek SC, compared with elbow flexure and nasal tip, has the lowest NMF in the first year of life and is the slowest to reach stable levels. Cheek corneocytes remain immature. Plasmin, BH and C‐1 activities are all elevated by 1 month of age in exposed cheek skin, but not in elbow skin.ConclusionsRegional and temporal differences in NMF levels, CE maturity and protease activities may explain the predilection for AD to affect the cheeks initially and are supportive of this site as key for allergen priming in early childhood. These observations will help design early intervention and treatment strategies for AD.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, cheek CE immaturity is present from birth and persists into adulthood. 29,40,41 In adults, facial TEWL is much higher than that of the forearm and upper arm. 42 It is notable that the facial skin, unlike most other body sites, is continually exposed to environmental stress.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early-life regional and temporal variation in filaggrin-derived natural moisturizing factor, filaggrin-processing enzyme activity, corneocyte phenotypes and plasmin activity: implications for atopic dermatitis

et al. 2018

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“…Tapes were immersed in the dissociation buffer at 75°C for 10 min, shaken for 3 min at 1000 rpm room temperature and centrifuged for 10 min at 5000 g . The extracted CEs were washed by repeating the procedure three times in dissociation buffer .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Half of the tapes were extracted with 750 lL of dissociation buffer containing 100 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.0, 5 mM EDTA, 2% SDS and 20 mM DL-dithiothreitol (Sigma Aldrich, Dorset, UK). Tapes were immersed in the dissociation buffer at 75°C for 10 min, shaken for 3 min at 1000 rpm room temperature and centrifuged for 10 min at 5000 g. The extracted CEs were washed by repeating the procedure three times in dissociation buffer [12].…”

Section: Isolation Of Cesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A new approach to assess the effect of photodamage on corneocyte envelope maturity using combined hydrophobicity and mechanical fragility assays

Guneri¹,

Voegeli²,

Gurgul³

et al. 2018

Intern J of Cosmetic Sci

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“…On the forearm there are approximately 15-20 cell layers; facial SC has only approximately 7-10 cell layers with the eye region having a SC as thin as 6 µm [18,19]. Compared to other body sites, facial skin shows elevated transepidermal water loss (TEWL, a measure of skin barrier function), and increased SC cohesion together with lower levels of SC ceramides and natural moisturising factors and higher serine, aspartic and matrix metalloprotease protease activity resulting in premature corneodesmosomal degradation and thinning of the SC [1,[20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30]. Relating to the immaturity of the cells, reduced loricrin levels together with lowered transglutaminase and 12Rlipoxygenase activities have been reported in photodamaged facial skin [31][32][33].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Facial skin mapping: from single point bio‐instrumental evaluation to continuous visualization of skin hydration, barrier function, skin surface pH, and sebum in different ethnic skin types

Voegeli¹,

Gierschendorf²,

Summers

et al. 2019

Intern J of Cosmetic Sci

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Dry skin is one of the most important concerns of consumers worldwide. Despite huge efforts over several decades, the personal care industry still does not offer a perfect solution to satisfy the unmet needs of consumers for moisturising treatments in different ethnic groups. The paucity of data for the underlying cellular and biochemical problems in, and the effects of moisturisers on photodamaged facial skin may partly explain this. Mainly, single point measurements are used to understand the effects of products on skin physiology even on surrogate skin sites such as the non‐photodamaged volar forearm. Some groups have developed discontinuous facial maps of skin biophysical properties, however, in 2014 a continuous facial analysis of bio‐instrumental evaluations was developed using a heat map approach. These maps enabled a continuous visualization of features that not only revealed an unexpected complexity of facial skin but also indicated that use of surrogate skin sites for facial skin is inappropriate. We have demonstrated that remarkable gradients of skin hydration, TEWL, skin surface pH and sebum exist within short distances across the face and the gradients are distinctive among different ethnic groups. In addition, these studies have demonstrated that darkly‐pigmented individuals do not necessarily have a better skin barrier function than their less‐pigmented counterparts and that Caucasians have a lower facial skin surface pH compared with more pigmented subjects. Overall, there are no correlations between capacitance, TEWL and skin surface pH including individual topology angle values. Novel 3D camera approaches have also been used to facilitate a more precise assignment of measurement sites and visualisation. The 3D facial colour mappings illustrated precisely the local moisturising effects of a moisturising cream. There were subtle ethnic differences in efficacy that may be related to underlying skin biochemistry and/or ethnic differences in product application. A placebo‐controlled study using conductance measurements in Chinese subjects is also reported. Finally, a new whole face statistical approach has been taken to prove differences in skin parameters but also of moisturiser treatment that adds further to our understanding of the ethnic differences in skin physiology and product application. This paper reviews the background of the development and application of this methodology.

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Variation in stratum corneum protein content as a function of anatomical site and ethnic group

Cited by 20 publications

References 43 publications

Early-life regional and temporal variation in filaggrin-derived natural moisturizing factor, filaggrin-processing enzyme activity, corneocyte phenotypes and plasmin activity: implications for atopic dermatitis

Early-life regional and temporal variation in filaggrin-derived natural moisturizing factor, filaggrin-processing enzyme activity, corneocyte phenotypes and plasmin activity: implications for atopic dermatitis

A new approach to assess the effect of photodamage on corneocyte envelope maturity using combined hydrophobicity and mechanical fragility assays

Facial skin mapping: from single point bio‐instrumental evaluation to continuous visualization of skin hydration, barrier function, skin surface pH, and sebum in different ethnic skin types

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