Variation in soil chemistry related to different classes and eras of urbanisation in the London area

Appleton, J.D.; Cave, Mark

doi:10.1016/j.apgeochem.2017.12.024

Cited by 14 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Consequently, Pb has been deposited in urban soils in which it can have a long residence time (44)(45)(46) as reflected by the high median Pb concentration (175 μg • g −1 ) reported for topsoils in the Greater London area (31,(47)(48)(49). Soil isotope composition has been explained by the long-term accumulation of Strong evidence for the continued contribution of lead deposited during the 20th century to the atmospheric environment in London of today anthropogenic emissions from several sources including leaded gasoline combustion, coal burning and demolition of buildings during the Second World War (paint, pipes) (31,48). However, higher median Pb concentrations are measured in topsoils located near roads (<100 m) probably due to accumulation of a greater amount of Pb from leaded gasoline (48).…”

Section: Quantification Of Leaded Gasoline's Contribution To Pb Contaminationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Soil isotope composition has been explained by the long-term accumulation of Strong evidence for the continued contribution of lead deposited during the 20th century to the atmospheric environment in London of today anthropogenic emissions from several sources including leaded gasoline combustion, coal burning and demolition of buildings during the Second World War (paint, pipes) (31,48). However, higher median Pb concentrations are measured in topsoils located near roads (<100 m) probably due to accumulation of a greater amount of Pb from leaded gasoline (48). A recent study of a sediment core sampled in the Thames in London showed that sediments were already enriched with Pb in the 1940s ( 206 Pb/ 207 Pb ratio ≈ 1.16), but the isotope composition shifted later with the lowest 206 Pb/ 207 Pb values recorded between the 1950s and 1980s, when leaded gasoline consumption was at its highest level (50).…”

Section: Quantification Of Leaded Gasoline's Contribution To Pb Contaminationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Strong evidence for the continued contribution of lead deposited during the 20th century to the atmospheric environment in London of today

Resongles

Dietze

Green

et al. 2021

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Although leaded gasoline was banned at the end of the last century, lead (Pb) remains significantly enriched in airborne particles in large cities. The remobilization of historical Pb deposited in soils from atmospheric removal has been suggested as an important source providing evidence for the hypothetical long-term persistency of lead, and possibly other pollutants, in the urban environment. Here, we present data on Pb isotopic composition in airborne particles collected in London (2014 to 2018), which provide strong support that lead deposited via gasoline combustion still contributes significantly to the lead burden in present-day London. Lead concentration and isotopic signature of airborne particles collected at a heavily trafficked site did not vary significantly over the last decade, suggesting that sources remained unchanged. Lead isotopic composition of airborne particles matches that of road dust and topsoils and can only be explained with a significant contribution (estimate of 32 ± 10 to 43 ± 9% based on a binary mixing model) of Pb from leaded gasoline. The lead isotopes furthermore suggest significant contributions from nonexhaust traffic emissions, even though isotopic signatures of anthropogenic sources are increasingly overlapping. Lead isotopic composition of airborne particles collected at building height shows a similar signature to that collected at street level, suggesting effective mixing of lead within the urban street canyon. Our results have important implications on the persistence of Pb in urban environments and suggest that atmospheric Pb reached a baseline in London that is difficult to decrease further with present policy measures.

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Section: Quantification Of Leaded Gasoline's Contribution To Pb Contaminationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Quantification Of Leaded Gasoline's Contribution To Pb Contaminationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Strong evidence for the continued contribution of lead deposited during the 20th century to the atmospheric environment in London of today

Resongles

Dietze

Green

et al. 2021

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…Soil scientists intensively study soil formation processes, which differ in time and space (Hilgard, 1921;Jenny, 1941;Minasny et al, 2008;Stockmann et al, 2014). Other research interests of soil scientists are physical (Kranz et al, 2020), chemical (Appleton & Cave, 2018) and biological (Grandy et al, 2016;Plaas et al, 2019) properties of and processes happening within soils.…”

Section: Cultur Al Ecosys Tem S Ervi Ce S G Arden S and Soil Smentioning

confidence: 99%

A cultural ecosystem service perspective on the interactions between humans and soils in gardens

Teuber

2021

People and Nature

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“…Analysis was by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) using a Fisons GC8000 gas chromatograph coupled to a Fisons MD800 single quadrupole mass spectrometer in full scan mode (ionisation energy 70eV, mass range 39-600 amu) [28,34,35]. Quantification of PCBs was achieved using selected ions for the ICES 7 PCB (International Council of the Sea: congeners 28, 52, 101, 118, 138, 153 and 180) which represent a large proportion of most commercial formulations, span a wide range of chlorination (3)(4)(5)(6)(7) and are widely considered a key suite enabling comparison with other soil and sediment studies.…”

Section: Polychlorinated Biphenylsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Over 2000 years of human activity have resulted in the accumulation of organic pollutants in soil such as black carbon (BC), petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) from coal burning as well as receipt of combustion engine vehicle exhaust particulates. More recently, halogenated persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) have been unintentionally released into the environment and transferred into London's surface soils and connected sediments of the River Thames [1][2][3][4]. Understanding the spatial and temporal distribution, input-sources and affinities of POPs is important as many are toxic, impact the nervous system or are carcinogenic to humans and wildlife.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Persistent Organic Pollutants in Urban Soils of Central of London, England, UK: Measurement and Spatial Modelling of Black Carbon (BC), Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH), Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) and Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCB)

Vane¹,

Kim²,

Beriro³

et al. 2021

aeer

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Total organic carbon (TOC), black carbon (BC), total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) were determined in 73 surface (0-2 cm) and subsurface (5-20 cm) soil samples taken from a 142 km2 area in Central London, UK. Soils were assessed to provide a baseline chemistry for site owners, developers, occupiers and regulators involved in understanding the potential risk to human health and the environment. TOC range was 1.75-11.85 % (mean 5.82 %), BC 3.72-32.71 mg.g-1 (mean 13.8 mg.g-1), TPH 72-4673 mg.g-1 (mean 443 mg.g-1), Σ16PAH 1.64-421.23 mg.g-1 (mean 47.99 mg.g-1) and Σ7PCB 2.56-148.72 µg.kg-1 (mean 20.82 µg.kg-1). Surface soils were less polluted than sub-surface soils due to a decline in industry, power generation, coal burning and traffic. PAH and PCB showed a stronger affinity for BC than TOC and were higher than many other international cities. South east London (Greenwich, Woolwich, Deptford) had the highest PAH pollution. Source PAH ratios confirmed a combustion/urban road run-off origin with minor petroleum inputs. Random Forest spatial modelling (machine learning) revealed large scale pollution trends across London soils. Normal background concentrations (NBC) were calculated and compared to risk-based human health generic assessment criteria (GAC). Benz[a]anthracene, benzo[a]pyrene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, and dibenzo[a]anthracene exceeded the Land Quality Management GACs for three land uses (residential, allotments and public open space near residential housing). The NBC determined for ∑7PCBs (110 µg.kg-1) and dioxin-like PCB 118 (59 µg.kg-1) exceeded the residential and allotment soil guideline values.

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Variation in soil chemistry related to different classes and eras of urbanisation in the London area

Cited by 14 publications

References 36 publications

Strong evidence for the continued contribution of lead deposited during the 20th century to the atmospheric environment in London of today

Strong evidence for the continued contribution of lead deposited during the 20th century to the atmospheric environment in London of today

A cultural ecosystem service perspective on the interactions between humans and soils in gardens

Persistent Organic Pollutants in Urban Soils of Central of London, England, UK: Measurement and Spatial Modelling of Black Carbon (BC), Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH), Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) and Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCB)

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